This article examines the development of interstate economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Türkiye during the ten years following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in chronological order and with due consideration of its historical and strategic aspects. The aim of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the restructuring, expansion, and diversification of trade relations between the two countries in the 1990s, despite military-political and strategic contradictions and fluctuations in bilateral relations. The article analyzes economic and political processes in the post-Soviet period and examines the reasons behind the willingness of the governments of Türkiye and Russia to “shift from competition to cooperation” from the mid-1990s onward. It assesses the expansion of economic cooperation between the two geopolitically contrasting countries, namely, the rapprochement resulting from the economic needs of both sides. The article presents the overall volume of foreign trade for 1992–2000 and highlights the direct manifestations of mutual distrust between the parties against the background of regional and global developments. Within the same chronological framework, the main stages, risks, and threats in bilateral economic relations, as well as the prospects for their further development, are analyzed. The article emphasizes the importance of the Organization of Black Sea Economic Cooperation. It addresses the attractiveness of new opportunities for the purchase and sale of natural gas for both countries in the field of energy trade and highlights the mutual interests of Russia and Türkiye in this area. The article also describes the state policies pursued by the two countries in the areas of trade, construction, and tourism. In addition, factors posing threats to bilateral relations are identified, including Türkiye’s NATO membership, the policies of the United States and the European Union toward the newly independent states, Russia’s policies in the Caucasus, the Middle East, and the Near East, as well as NATO’s eastward expansion plans. In conclusion, the article compares economic cooperation between Russia and Türkiye in the 1990s with that of the Soviet era.

This study examines religious institutions in the Akmola region as a significant component of imperial policy within the Russian Empire from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of archival materials reflecting the activities of ecclesiastical and civil administrative bodies, including documents of spiritual consistories, regional administrations, and clerical offices. These sources enable an examination of institutional processes within the confessional sphere at the regional level. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics and transformations of religious institutions in the Akmola region during the eighteenth and early twentieth centuries within the imperial political space of the Russian Empire, and to determine the influence of administrative, demographic, and resettlement processes on the development of the confessional sphere. The research focuses on patterns of formation, functioning, and transformation of religious organizations amid the administrative development of steppe territories and intensifying resettlement. The findings demonstrate that institutional development of the religious sphere was uneven and depended on specific sociodemographic and administrative conditions. This dynamic indicates a mismatch between centralized models of church governance and regional needs, requiring continuous adaptation of religious structures to local circumstances. The analysis shows that religious organizations performed functions beyond religious services. They played an important role in organizing social life, facilitating the integration of settler populations into regional structures, and contributing to social stability. Particular attention is paid to spiritual administrations as intermediary governing bodies and to reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries associated with the establishment of the Omsk Diocese and its vicariates. Thus, religious institutions in the Akmola region constituted an important yet structurally vulnerable element of the imperial administrative system, shaped by demographic processes, administrative transformations, and the specific characteristics of the steppe frontier over time across administrative, demographic, and social boundaries.

The article explores the tragic fate of peoples deported from the North Caucasus to South Kazakhstan in 1943– 1944. It examines the causes of forced relocation, migration conditions, settlement, labor, and its social, economic, and demographic consequences. The study is based on archival documents, including reports of the Regional Department of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), records on the resettlement and employment of special settlers, references, and statistical data. The deportations occurred in several stages beginning in late 1943 and affected Karachays, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, and other peoples. During the relocation, special settlers faced severe conditions, including food shortages and inadequate medical care, resulting in high mortality. Upon arrival, many were housed in barracks, barns, and unsuitable premises. The article analyzes their labor conditions and difficulties adapting to local life. Special settlers worked in agriculture, industry, and construction, demonstrating high productivity despite restricted rights, low wages, and food shortages. The study also considers the social and psycho-emotional consequences of deportation, including loss of homeland, social isolation, alienation, and diminished hope of return. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze, based on archival and statistical materials, the specific features of the forced deportation of North Caucasian peoples to South Kazakhstan in 1943–1944, examine the conditions of their displacement, settlement, and labor, and determine its consequences for the deported population and the region. The findings reveal significant socio-economic and demographic consequences, including the destruction of traditional lifestyles, loss of homeland, demographic disruption, and long-term rehabilitation challenges. The study demonstrates that deportation not only caused severe human suffering but also transformed the social and economic structure of the receiving region. The article emphasizes the importance of further research to restore historical justice, preserve collective memory, and assess the regional and national consequences of forced deportation.

This study examines the historical dynamics of Islam in the Kazakh steppe during Russian colonial rule, focusing on its social, educational, and cultural significance. Through a detailed analysis of archival documents, historical chronicles, travel accounts, and scholarly literature, the research highlights how Islam continued to play a central role in the intellectual, moral, and spiritual life of the Kazakhs despite the pressures of Russification and colonial interventions. The aim of the study is to identify the historical dynamics and specific features of the spread of Islam in the Kazakh steppe during the period of Russian colonial rule and to determine its social, educational, and cultural role in preserving the religious identity, intellectual potential, and cultural cohesion of Kazakh society under colonial influence and Russification policies. Particular attention is paid to the role of Islamic educational institutions, religious leaders, pilgrimage, and the Jadidist movement in the development and transformation of Islamic culture and education among the Kazakhs. Islamic institutions, including madrasas and rural mekteps, offered a comprehensive education encompassing religious instruction, classical Eastern languages, logic, philosophy, and history, thus fostering both spiritual and intellectual development. Prominent Khoja families and mullahs served as key agents in disseminating Islamic knowledge and moral values, while pilgrimage (ḥajj) strengthened religious identity and unity across diverse Kazakh communities. The study also explores the influence of the Jadid movement, which introduced modern European pedagogical approaches into Muslim education, signaling the beginnings of educational reform. Overall, this research demonstrates that Islam remained a resilient and unifying force, preserving cultural cohesion and intellectual growth among the Kazakhs even under colonial conditions.

The history of forced migration occupies an important place in the study of Soviet nationalities policy and interethnic relations. One of the most significant examples of this policy was the mass deportation of ethnic groups during the Stalinist period. Among them, Soviet Germans experienced one of the largest forced resettlements in the USSR. After the outbreak of the Second World War in 1941, the Soviet government accused ethnic Germans of possible disloyalty, abolished the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and initiated the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Germans to Kazakhstan, Siberia, and other remote regions. Northern Kazakhstan became one of the main destinations for deported Germans because of its agricultural potential and labor demands. The Kostanay, Akmola, and North Kazakhstan regions received large numbers of deportees who were settled mainly in rural areas and involved in agricultural and industrial production. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the specific features of the forced deportation of Soviet Germans to Northern Kazakhstan during the period of Stalinist national policy, determine the scale and main directions of their resettlement to the Kostanay, Akmola, and North Kazakhstan regions, and examine the social, economic, demographic, and historical consequences of the deportation for the region and the formation of Kazakhstan’s multi-ethnic society. The study of German deportation to Northern Kazakhstan is important for understanding Soviet ethnic policy, demographic changes, and the long-term consequences of forced migration. It also helps explain the formation of Kazakhstan’s multicultural society and preserves the historical memory of deported peoples.

This article is dedicated to one of the less studied pages of our republic's history – evacuation hospitals during the Great Patriotic War. The aim of the study is to analyze the activities of evacuation hospitals in Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War, identify the main challenges and specific features of the formation of the hospital system, and determine its role in the treatment, rehabilitation, and return of wounded and sick military personnel to active service. From the very first days of the war, a crucial task arose: preserving the lives and restoring the health of Soviet soldiers and officers. The main challenge was their swift return to the combat ranks of their units. Medical institutions played a significant role in addressing these tasks, with evacuation hospitals gaining particular importance. Due to Kazakhstan's remoteness from the theaters of military operations, the republic's territory became a concentration point for these medical centers, whose duty was to ensure the recovery and restoration of soldiers' health, followed by their return to the front. The article analyzes the activities of hospitals in various regions of the Kazakh Republic during the war. Special attention is paid to the difficulties encountered in the early stages of forming the hospital system in the republic. These challenges had to be overcome by both medical and support staff, as well as by the sick and wounded soldiers themselves. Kazakhstan became one of the most key centers for rehabilitation and health restoration. The republic already had an established sanatorium-resort treatment system, which was successfully applied and maintained under wartime conditions.

The article examines the life and socio-political activities of Hasan Nurmukhamedov, a prominent representative of the early twentieth-century Alash movement and an active participant in the government of Western Alashorda. Particular attention is paid to his personal development, formative years, and activities in the religious sphere. The study aims to comprehensively examine his socio-political, religious, and educational activities, reveal his contribution to the implementation of Alash ideas and the activities of Western Alashorda, and explore his fate and that of his descendants in the context of Soviet repression, national statehood, and historical memory. Drawing on archival and scholarly sources, the study highlights Nurmukhamedov’s contribution to the Alash movement and traces his persecution during the Soviet period. His religious, educational, social, and political activities are considered in close connection with the history of Western Alashorda. The research demonstrates the significance of Alash ideas and their continuity with the national interests of independent Kazakhstan. Special attention is given to the tragic fate of Western Alashorda figures subjected to political persecution and repression. Documentary evidence illustrates the pressure exerted on Hasan Nurmukhamedov by Soviet authorities. The article also examines the activities and achievements of his descendants in education and science. It considers the importance of the Alash leaders’ struggle for national statehood and their role in Kazakhstan’s history. These developments are analyzed in the context of the “blank spots” of national history, particularly the fate of representatives of traditional Islam who suffered during the repressive period. The study emphasizes the historical significance of restoring information about these individuals and their contribution to national development. Overall, the research contributes to preserving historical memory, restoring previously overlooked aspects of Kazakhstan’s history, and strengthening national consciousness and understanding of the historical legacy of the Alash movement.

This article examines the relationships between the civilian population and military structures in Eastern Kazakhstan during the Civil War. The study aims to examine the specific features of the policies pursued by military authorities toward the civilian population of Eastern Kazakhstan during the Civil War, to analyze the forms and methods of their implementation, and to investigate the nature and extent of the impact of military structures on the lives of the civilian population. Particular attention is paid to the activities of counterintelligence and law enforcement agencies, which served as important instruments for maintaining the political regime and controlling society. Regional processes are analyzed within the broader context of the large-scale political confrontation that covered the territory of the former Russian Empire. The study demonstrates that military structures and security bodies played a significant role not only in military operations but also in the everyday life of the civilian population. Based on archival documents and contemporary materials, the research reconstructs the mechanisms of functioning of counterintelligence and law enforcement institutions at the regional level. Their activities were aimed at suppressing opposition sentiments, monitoring the social situation, and preventing potential threats. At the same time, their presence significantly influenced the social environment, transforming migration processes, economic practices, and social relations. The article also emphasizes that the civilian population acted not only as an object of influence but also as an active participant in historical processes, developing various strategies of survival and adaptation in conditions of political instability and armed conflict.

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in upper secondary education is transforming teaching and learning processes beyond the physical classroom and contributing to the formation of digitally mediated educational ecosystems. This study examines the impact of AI integration on student behavior, ethical attitudes, academic performance, and critical thinking at High School No. 7 of the University of Guadalajara. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between the frequency of AI use and changes in students’ behavioral, academic, and ethical patterns, as well as to assess whether AI functions primarily as a learning-support tool or risks becoming a substitute for independent thinking. Using a systemic ecosystem approach, the research considers not only technological adoption but also its cognitive and ethical implications in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. Methodologically, a quantitative diagnostic study was conducted to examine the relationship between the frequency of AI use and behavioral changes among students, considering both personal interests and required curricular content. The findings reveal a complex relationship between AI use and educational outcomes. Although frequent use is associated with time-saving practices and a potential risk of cognitive dependence, a weak positive association was identified between intensive AI use and academic integrity. Contrary to assumptions about increased passivity, frequent AI users demonstrated higher levels of source verification and informed skepticism. The results suggest that sustained interaction with AI may contribute to the development of algorithmic literacy when its use occurs within an educational environment that prioritizes ethics, critical thinking, and responsible engagement over speed and convenience.

This article is devoted to the development and experimental verification of a scientific and methodological model for teaching generative artificial intelligence to future computer science teachers. The relevance of the research lies in the rapid integration of artificial intelligence technologies into educational systems and the growing need to develop digital competencies among future teachers. The study used a mixed-methods approach, including theoretical analysis, pedagogical experiments, surveys, observations, and statistical data processing. The proposed model is purposeful, includes substantive, technological, and evaluative components and is aimed at the systematic introduction of generative artificial intelligence tools into the educational process. The purpose of the research is to develop and scientifically substantiate a methodological model for teaching generative artificial intelligence to future computer science teachers. The study was conducted at the Khoja Ahmed Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University and the West Kazakhstan Innovative and Technological University, which 75 students attended. The level of students' artificial intelligence competence in the experimental group showed a significant increase compared to the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results show that the introduction of generative artificial intelligence tools into the educational process has a positive impact on the development of professional, digital and creative competencies of future teachers. The proposed scientific and methodological model can serve as a practical basis for improving artificial intelligence education in universities.

Assessing the simultaneous development of programming competence and pedagogical content knowledge in preservice informatics teachers is an open measurement problem. Survey-based instruments capture beliefs rather than behavior, and standard programming analytics pipelines track a single skill objective without modeling the pedagogical knowledge dimension that differentiates teacher candidates from ordinary computing students. This paper presents a multi-output gradient boosting architecture that estimates all four TPACK component mastery levels Technological Knowledge, Pedagogical Knowledge, Content Knowledge, and Pedagogical Content Knowledge- from behavioral traces collected at the container runtime level during programming laboratory sessions. A six-category feature taxonomy is derived from Docker daemon event streams, application-layer compilation logs, keystroke sequences, version control snapshots, help-seeking interactions, and a fine-tuned DistilBERT pedagogical reflection classifier. Experiments on a synthetic benchmark of 850 annotated sessions evaluate eight model configurations against four baselines, including standard Bayesian Knowledge Tracing and single-output gradient boosting. The proposed architecture reaches a macroaveraged F1 of 0.791 across all four TPACK components, exceeding the strongest single-output baseline by 6.8 percentage points and reducing mean absolute error on continuous mastery estimates by 18.3% relative to BKT. Ablation results confirm that the pedagogical reflection features contribute 9.2 points of F1 to PCK prediction specifically, with negligible benefit to TK and CK, validating the trace taxonomy's component-specific design. Feature importance analysis reveals that inter-key pause placement and compilation error transition patterns are the most informative signals for CK assessment, while lexical PCK features dominate pedagogical component prediction.

The article examines the impact of integrating the CinQASE model and problem-based learning on students’ critical thinking development in physics instruction at a general education school. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of developing students’ skills in analysis, argumentation, questioning, inquiry, and conclusion-making by combining the stages of the CinQASE model with problem-based learning in physics lessons. The study examines the process of teaching physics to 9th-grade students, while the subject is the development of critical thinking through the integration of the CinQASE model and problem-based learning. The study was conducted from September 2023 to May 2024 with the participation of 9th-grade students of Secondary School No. 2 in Kosshy, Akmola region. A total of 54 students participated in the experiment: 27 students were assigned to the experimental group and 27 students to the control group. The study employed a pedagogical experiment, diagnostic testing, observation, questionnaires, analysis of students’ reflective notes, and comparative statistical processing methods. According to the experimental results, the level of critical thinking in the experimental group increased from 42.3% to 71.8%, while interest in the subject increased from 48.1% to 82.5%. The theoretical significance of the study lies in demonstrating the impact of integrating the CinQASE model and problem-based learning on the development of critical thinking in physics education. The practical significance is determined by the possibility of applying the proposed methodology in physics lessons, laboratory work, and the organization of problem-based tasks.

This article examines the potential of using digital educational resources to teach primary school students with special educational needs. The relevance of the study is determined by the development of inclusive education and the rapid digitalization of the educational environment. In modern educational systems, digital technologies play an important role in ensuring equal access to education and improving the quality of the learning process. The purpose of the study is to analyze the pedagogical potential of digital educational resources and determine their impact on the effectiveness of teaching students with special educational needs in primary school. The methodological basis of the study includes the analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis of digital educational platforms, pedagogical observation, and generalization of pedagogical experience. The study examined the most common digital educational resources used in inclusive education, including interactive platforms, multimedia materials, and game-based technologies. The results of the study demonstrate that the use of digital educational resources increases student motivation, enhances cognitive activity, and improves understanding of the material. It has been established that interactive educational platforms enable teachers to adapt learning materials to students' individual educational needs and to organize the educational process more effectively. Primary school teachers can use the study's results to develop methodological approaches to organizing inclusive education using digital technologies.

The article examines the problem of the formation of financial literacy and consumer culture in older preschool children in the context of sustainable development goals set by the United Nations. The authors emphasize the importance of integrating financial education into the preschool education system, which meets the criteria for providing quality education. According to these criteria, the social component of the educational process, aimed at the formation of correct behavioral models and adaptation to the economic system, is of priority importance.

The aim of the study is to provide a theoretical rationale and experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of specially developed pedagogical methods for developing financial literacy and consumer culture among older preschool children The study focuses on the need for preschoolers to develop basic financial knowledge and consumer culture, which is reflected in the State Mandatory Standard of Preschool Education and Training of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors emphasize that the tasks of forming financial literacy are aimed at familiarizing children with elementary financial concepts as well as at developing financial consciousness, which should take place at the early stages of their socialization.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the theoretical foundations of the problem, as well as experimental work on the formation of financial literacy and consumer culture in older preschool children. The main hypothesis of the study is that despite the significant influence of parents on the financial education of children, educational institutions can significantly influence the development of financial literacy using specially developed pedagogical methods.

The results of the study showed that the program contributes to a significant improvement in the level of financial literacy among children. In the experimental group, compared with the control group, an increase in the number of children demonstrating a high level of financial literacy was recorded. The χ2-Pearson criterion was used to identify statistically significant changes.

Thus, the study confirms the importance of integrating financial education into preschool institutions and the effectiveness of suggested pedagogical methods. The introduction of programs of this kind allows children to develop the basic skills and knowledge necessary for the conscious management of personal finances in the future, which also contributes to their successful adaptation to the economic system.

This study was conducted in 2024 within the "Kelte-Mashat" mountainous region of the Turkistan district, examines the physiological and health impacts of sports and recreational tourism on a cohort of ten students. The comprehensive medical and anthropometric assessments were conducted at the Regional Medical and Physical Education Dispensary in Turkistan, both before and after the experimental period, to evaluate the efficacy of this intervention. The assessment metrics included body mass, heart rate (HR), vital capacity (VC), physical working capacity (PWC170), and maximal oxygen consumption (MOC). The primary objective of the research was to provide theoretical and empirical support for the use of sports and recreational tourism as an effective means of fostering healthy lifestyle habits among university students. The results revealed a significant increase in PWC170 values across all participants, indicating enhanced functional capacity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as improved metabolic efficiency. Notably, the MOC increased by an average of 714 ml/min, demonstrating a substantial improvement in aerobic endurance. Additionally, participants experienced an average body mass reduction of 2 kg, while vital capacity indicators showed consistent positive trends. These findings confirm that sports and recreational tourism serve as a potent instrument for enhancing the physical fitness, functional capabilities, and overall health status of the youth. Consequently, the outcomes of this study provide a scientific and methodological framework for integrating sports and recreational tourism into higher education curricula to promote sustainable, healthy lifestyle practices.

The article explores the potential for enhancing the methodological support available to future teachers as they develop the functional reading skills of elementary school students. The study's objective is to explore the relevance of methodological support for teachers during their professional training and to identify potential discrepancies between the theoretical underpinnings of reading instruction and the practical readiness of teachers to implement modern strategies in their teaching practice. The study examined the main aspects of methodological support, analyzed the existing barriers in pedagogical practice, and suggested ways to overcome them to improve the quality of future teachers' training. The methodological basis of the study was the method of thematic analysis applied to process data from semi-structured interviews with teachers. This method has a high degree of flexibility, which allows it to be adapted to different types of data and research tasks. Thematic analysis allowed us to identify the key challenges faced by future teachers in mastering functional reading techniques, as well as potential solutions for addressing these challenges. The study underscores the significance of integrating practice-oriented methods, digital technologies, and modeling pedagogical situations within the training framework for future teachers. The collaboration among educational organizations, pedagogical universities, and practitioners is vital for nurturing the competencies of future elementary school teachers. The findings of the study could be a valuable addition to the existing scientific base on the issues of functional literacy. They could inform future developments in the field of pedagogical methodology.

The article explores the impact of universal and national values on the creation of intercultural communication competence and national identity. Universal human values, as a set of vital values that connect a person with society and form the unity of man and the world, have emerged along with the development of human civilization. One of the major principles of interaction across cultures is to take into consideration and respect cultural variations in communicating with representatives of other cultures. The goal of the study is to investigate the impact of universal and national values on intercultural communication and national identity. Anyone who wants to communicate effectively must have a thorough understanding of the interlocutor's culture and customs. In addition, engagement across different cultures involves flexibility and modification in the communication process. The success of communication directly depends on the degree of agreement and trust between its participants. The study is based on an analysis of the attitudes of Kazakhs residing in Kazakhstan, as well as foreign nationals, on national values and its impact on intercultural communication. The study employed the survey method. The purpose of the surveys was to find out how respondents felt about the country, national values and customs, universal values and customs, and the characteristics of intercultural and sociocultural interactions between representatives of various nations.

The results demonstrated that national values are the basis for establishing intercultural communication competence, maintaining national identity (which determines the culture, religion, and traditions of the nation), ensuring social stability, and supporting spiritual integrity.

This article investigates factors influencing mathematics teaching under conditions of digital transformation in education. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics of implementing digital solutions in mathematics education, teachers’ perceptions of their use, and the factors limiting their integration. The study employed a mixedmethods design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Empirical data were collected through an online survey involving 63 mathematics teachers from educational institutions in Kyzylorda city. Data collection was conducted between February and April 2024. Descriptive statistical methods were applied, including calculation of absolute and relative indicators. The findings indicate that the implementation of digital solutions in mathematics education is constrained primarily by technical and methodological barriers. Specifically, 77.8% of respondents identified insufficient access to specialized technical devices as the main limiting factor, while 47.6% reported unstable internet connectivity as an obstacle to the consistent use of digital tools. Resource alignment with subject content, language of instruction, and teachers’ time expenditure were also identified as significant factors. The scientific novelty of the study lies in systematizing factors affecting the implementation of digital solutions in mathematics teaching and interpreting them within the context of subject-specific education. The practical significance is associated with the development of digital educational resources and teacher professional development programs.

The article analyzes a number of published scientific studies on the use of gamification in education in order to assess its impact on students’ interest in computer science within the school learning environment. The findings indicate that gamification-based learning contributes to increasing students’ interest in computer science and fostering a more positive attitude toward the learning process. In addition, computer science teachers involved in the implementation of the lessons positively assessed the use of gamification technologies in education. According to their observations, providing students with opportunities to engage with game-based elements and use computer games as educational tools increases learning activity and motivation and facilitates more effective acquisition of the required learning material.

The aim of the study is to examine the impact of gamification on students’ interest in computer science, their learning engagement, and educational outcomes, as well as to experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating game-based elements into school computer science education.

The current development of educational technologies and teaching methodologies, driven by the requirements of the digital transformation of education, necessitates the introduction of new approaches, opportunities, and instructional technologies aimed at improving the effectiveness of the educational process.

A pedagogical experiment was conducted in three schools in Kazakhstan with the participation of 120 students aged 11–13 years. The participants were divided into control and experimental groups. Over a three-month period, students in the experimental group participated in lessons incorporating gamification elements.

The results demonstrated positive changes in the experimental group. Specifically, 92% of students in the experimental group considered computer science an interesting subject, compared with 61% in the control group. The proportion of students who achieved a high level of knowledge was 42% in the experimental group, compared with 28% in the control group. Furthermore, a high level of engagement in the learning process was observed among 50% of students in the experimental group, whereas the corresponding figure in the control group was 25%.

Thus, the findings indicate the potential effectiveness of gamification as an educational tool for increasing students’ interest, learning engagement, and educational outcomes in school computer science education.

This article examines the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in post-Soviet Central Asia, focusing on Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Contrary to the dominant interpretation promoted by international organizations, which emphasizes taxes, corruption, and bureaucratic inefficiencies as the main barriers to SMEs, this study uncovers a different set of underlying challenges. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the key operational, institutional, and contextual factors shaping the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in post-Soviet Central Asia, with a focus on Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, taking into account the specific characteristics of the local business environment and the everyday operating conditions of enterprises. Drawing on in-depth interviews and media content analysis, the research identifies key operational barriers that remain largely overlooked. These findings reveal that, beyond institutional and regulatory constraints, everyday operational realities significantly shape SME development in the region. The analysis is based on the Institutional Theory and Contextual Dependence Theory, which together explain how formal institutions, historical legacies, and local contextual factors shape SME operations in different environments. By presenting qualitative evidence from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the study provides a deeper understanding of the structural and contextual factors influencing SMEs in post-Soviet economies. The obtained conclusions expand the scientific understanding of entrepreneurship in countries with a transition economy and can be used in the development of a state policy to support SMEs, taking into account regional specifics, real operational needs of business and the peculiarities of the institutional environment.

In recent years, the development of e-Government in Kazakhstan has contributed to an increase in the level of digitalization of public administration and an improvement in the country's position in international rankings. However, a high level of digital maturity does not always go hand in hand with an increase in economic efficiency. The purpose of this study is to assess the economic efficiency of e-Government in Kazakhstan based on transaction costs reduction, the distribution of economic benefits among different economic agents, and the degree of integration of digital services into real administrative and economic processes. The study employs an institutional-economic approach. The empirical base includes macro-institutional indicators and microeconomic data on citizens and business representatives, analysed using descriptive statistics and comparative methods. The study results show that the economic effects of the e-Government system are unevenly distributed among different users. Users with higher digital literacy reduce greater transaction costs and use digital services more efficiently. In addition, it was found that the key determinant if economic efficiency is not the formal level of digitalization, but the degree of integration of digital services into real administrative and economic processes. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of eGovernment in terms of transaction costs, economic benefit distribution, and institutional integration. The results highlight that digital inequality is an important economic factor affecting the effectiveness of digital reforms.

In the context of increasing competition in the educational services market, accelerating digital transformation, and growing stakeholder expectations, ensuring economic sustainability has become one of the key factors in the longterm development of universities. Consequently, the search for mechanisms to integrate sustainability indicators into the strategic management system of higher education institutions has become particularly relevant. The purpose of this study is to substantiate approaches to integrating economic sustainability indicators into the university strategic management system and to develop a model for their application in managerial decision-making processes. The study employed of the study is based on systemic, structural-functional, and comparative analysis, analysis of the dynamics of university performance indicators, and modelling methods. The empirical basis of the research includes AlmaU’s strategic, analytical, and financial documents for the period 2022–2025, including the university development strategy, sustainability reports, and audited financial statements. The study identifies the key components of university economic sustainability, including financial, academic, research, international, and ESG sustainability. An analysis of the dynamics of AlmaU’s strategic and financial indicators was conducted, enabling the identification of factors exerting the greatest influence on the university’s long-term development. An original model for integrating economic sustainability indicators into the university strategic management system was developed, incorporating mechanisms for monitoring, risk assessment, and adjustment of strategic decisions. The scientific novelty of the study lies in substantiating economic sustainability not only as an outcome of university performance but also as an instrument of strategic management. The practical significance of the research is determined by the possibility of applying the proposed model in the development, implementation, and revision of higher education institutions’ development strategies with due consideration of economic sustainability indicators.

Under conditions of limited investment resources and increasing investment risks, the importance of an accurate assessment of enterprise investment attractiveness based on the use of accounting and analytical information increases. Accounting and analytical indicators, formed on the basis of accounting (financial) reporting data and used to quantify profitability, risk and financial stability of business entities, play a crucial role in this process. The purpose of the study is to analyze and systematize methodological approaches to the use of accounting and analytical indicators in assessing enterprise investment attractiveness. The paper summarizes the approaches of domestic and foreign authors to the interpretation of key financial indicators, examines their analytical role in investment analysis, and identifies the limitations of their application without considering industry-specific characteristics and the institutional environment. The methodological framework of the study is based on the analysis of scientific sources, as well as financial-analytical and structural-logical methods. Within the study, accounting and analytical indicators are considered as a system of interrelated measures reflecting financial stability, liquidity, profitability, business activity and the investment potential of the enterprise. The expediency of their use as part of comprehensive and integrated assessments of investment attractiveness, taking into account industry differences, is substantiated. The authors suggest a method for integrating qualitative characteristics (reputation, transparency) into a quantitative assessment model. The study proposes an industry-adapted methodological framework for assessing enterprise investment attractiveness based on the normalization of accounting and analytical indicators, differentiated weighting coefficients and the integration of qualitative characteristics into a unified quantitative assessment model. The proposed approach improves the comparability of enterprises operating in different industries and expands the analytical capabilities of investment decision-making.

The article examines the economic, regulatory and organizational foundations of state control and supervision in Kazakhstan. This study analyzes the evolution of the institutional architecture within the newly established regulatory agency. The aim of the study is to comprehensively assess the economic, institutional, and regulatory foundations of state control and supervision in Kazakhstan’s atomic energy sector, analyze the effectiveness of the regulatory authority and the transaction costs incurred by supervised entities, and develop proposals for improving risk-based regulation, strengthening regulatory independence and resource capacity, and reducing compliance costs. Particular attention is given to the implementation mechanisms of state supervision and control in the atomic energy sector, drawing upon an array of inspection statistics and empirical data from nuclear facilities, including the market operator. The study also assesses the transaction cost burden of the national operator. A comparative and contrastive analysis on the quantitative parameters (staffing levels and oversight maintenance budgets) of regulatory authorities in the Republic of Kazakhstan and foreign countries was conducted. The impact of IAEA requirements on the development of the national regulatory framework and the institutional regulatory model has been demonstrated. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive assessment of state supervision, positioning it not merely as a strictly legal function, but rather as an economic institution. The author’s primary contribution consists in providing quantitative and qualitative justification of the causality, utilizing comparative international benchmarking, between risk-based regulatory enforcement and the compliance cost trajectories of entities under supervision. Based on the conducted analysis, proposals are formulated to improve the economic efficiency, governance mechanisms and regulatory framework, including the elimination of information asymmetry and the minimization of the risk of opportunistic behavior, strengthening the independence and resource capacity of the regulator, developing a risk-based and preventive approach, digitalizing supervisory activities, and enhancing transparency and public participation.

Sustainable agriculture has been the subject of scientific research for several decades related to environmental degradation, food security and the efficient use of Natural Resources. In recent years, the growing role of digital technologies has increased interest in understanding the contribution of digitalization to the development of sustainable agriculture. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric assessment of the global research space in the field of sustainable agriculture from 1974 to 2025, to demonstrate clearly the role of digitalization in strengthening environmental and economic stability. The results of the study show a long-term increase in scientific output throughout the research period, significantly accelerated after 2015 due to increased attention to climate change, the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the spread of quantitative and precision farming technologies. The research space is structured on the basis of interconnected biological, environmental, industrial and technological clusters. The latest research shows that increasing attention is being paid to digital agriculture, precision farming and data-driven decision-making, making a shift towards technologically sound sustainability approaches. The study makes scientific contributions by systematizing fragmentary literature and identifying structural changes in research in the field of sustainable agriculture. From a practical point of view, the results obtained show that digital technologies increase the efficiency of resource use, economic indicators and Climate Resilience of agricultural enterprises. Bibliometric evidence underscores the added value of this study and supports the main hypothesis that digitalization of agricultural enterprises strengthens their sustainable development, which is especially relevant for countries such as Kazakhstan, seeking to modernize the agricultural sector.

The digitalisation of accounting in Kazakhstan is evolving from basic document automation to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of recognising primary documents, classifying transactions, detecting anomalies and generating analytical explanations. Despite this transformation, professional responsibility remains with the accountant, while the legal framework is expanding through sectoral legislation, the Law “On Artificial Intelligence” and the Digital Code. The purpose of this article is to develop an applied ethical and legal model for the responsible use of AI in accounting in Kazakhstan, considering specific AI services, stages of the accounting cycle and regulatory requirements. The methodology combines a review of academic publications (2019–2026), analysis of Kazakhstan’s legislation, comparison with international principles of trustworthy AI, functional mapping of AI applications and an expertanalytical risk matrix developed by the author. Rather than measuring the actual frequency of violations, the matrix ranks AI-use scenarios according to four criteria: legal sensitivity, data confidentiality, algorithmic opacity and the impact on professional judgement. The study focuses on accounting processes where AI influences the reliability, confidentiality, explainability and accountability of accounting information. Six practical areas of AI application are identified: recognition of primary documents, transaction coding and classification, tax and accounting reconciliation, fraud monitoring, preparation of reporting explanations and audit support. The findings indicate that the greatest risks arise not from OCR-based document recognition but from automated tax interpretation, accounting classification and AI-generated explanatory notes to financial statements, where errors may compromise legal compliance and undermine professional accountability. The scientific novelty lies in integrating ethical principles with legal analysis and process-oriented accounting mapping within the Kazakhstani regulatory context. The practical contribution is a governance model based on data minimisation, mandatory audit trails, human validation of legally significant decisions, regular assessment of AIservice providers, and the formal allocation of responsibilities within organisational accounting policy.

Экономиканың цифрлық трансформациясы жағдайында адами капиталды пайдалану тиімділігін арттыру еңбек өнімділігінің өсуінің және орнықты әлеуметтік-экономикалық дамуды қамтамасыз етудің негізгі факторларының біріне айналады. Мақала адам капиталының жиынтық факторлық өнімділікке (TFP) әсерін және Қазақстан Республикасының экономикасындағы жұмыс күшіне сұраныс пен ұсыныс арасындағы құрылымдық сәйкессіздікті зерттеуге арналған. Зерттеу объектісі Қазақстанның еңбек нарығы, пәні – адами капиталдың сапасы, өнімділік, инвестициялық тиімділік және салалық және өңірлік бөліністердегі Жұмыспен қамтудың құрылымдық теңгерімсіздігі арасындағы өзара байланыс болып табылады. Зерттеудің мақсаты-адами капиталдың жиынтық факторлық өнімділікке әсерін кешенді бағалау, еңбек нарығындағы Кадрлық алшақтықтың ауқымы мен факторларын анықтау. Зерттеудің әдіснамалық негізін Кобб–Дугластың кеңейтілген өндірістік функциясы, Солоудың ыдырауы, коинтеграция және қателерді түзету модельдері (ECM), сондай-ақ 2010-2025 жылдардағы Қазақстан Республикасының салалық және өңірлік деректерін панельдік талдау құрады. Шикізаттық емес салалардың көпшілігінде Инвестициялар TFP статистикалық маңызды өсуін қамтамасыз етпейтіні анықталды, ал өңдеу өнеркәсібінде инвестициялар мен өнімділік арасындағы теріс ұзақ мерзімді тәуелділік анықталды. Аймақтық талдау жұмыссыздық деңгейінің білім деңгейіне байланысты айтарлықтай дифференциациясын көрсетті. Нәтижелер экономикалық өсудің инвестициялық моделінің тиімділігін арттыру адами капиталды озық дамытуды және кадрларды даярлау жүйесін жетілдіруді талап ететіндігін растайды. Алынған нәтижелер адами капиталдың өнімділік пен кадрлық алшақтыққа әсерін бағалаудың әдістемелік негіздерін кеңейтеді және адами капиталды пайдалану тиімділігін арттыруға, техникалық және кәсіптік білім беру жүйесін жетілдіруге және өңірлік еңбек нарықтарын дамытуға бағытталған мемлекеттік саясатты әзірлеу үшін практикалық маңызға ие.

The relevance of this study is determined by the continuing transformation of accounting regulation and practice in Kazakhstan, where the accounting system has undergone legislative changes. Accounting should be viewed as an integrated system combining financial, statistical and operational dimensions that reflects the country’s evolving economic environment. Accounting practice must remain grounded in legal and regulatory requirements. Against this background, improving the quality of accounting education has become a key priority. The article examines accounting teaching methods used in Kazakhstan and abroad and proposes an innovative approach based on Kazakhstan’s national traditions. The methodology applies mnemonic techniques using the structure of the traditional Kazakh yurt as a visual analogy for accounting accounts and compares the movement of accounting entries with kinship relations in Kazakh culture. This culturally adapted approach facilitates understanding of complex accounting concepts, improves knowledge retention, stimulates interest in the discipline, and strengthens theoretical knowledge. The study assesses the effectiveness of mnemonic techniques, excluding simple abbreviations, in motivating students and improving learning outcomes. The study also evaluates the educational and economic benefits of mnemonic methods in professional training. The findings demonstrate that the proposed approach contributes to higher academic performance, better comprehension of accounting theory, and a lower rate of examination retakes. The authors recommend extending mnemonic techniques to other accounting-related disciplines due to their broad educational potential. The scientific contribution lies in developing a culturally grounded model of accounting instruction that combines pedagogical innovation with national traditions and provides a practical framework for improving accounting education in Kazakhstan. The aim of the study is to theoretically substantiate and assess the effectiveness of mnemonic techniques based on Kazakhstan’s national traditions and cultural characteristics for improving students’ acquisition of theoretical material, interest in accounting, and professional training outcomes.

This article examines the modeling of residents’ acceptance of the Smart City concept based on the results of factor analysis. The aim of the study is to identify residents’ attitudes toward Smart City elements, their evaluation levels, and the structure of perception, as well as to assess the impact of socio-demographic factors. The empirical basis of the research consists of survey data collected from residents of the cities of Turkestan and Almaty. The study is based on the results of a questionnaire survey involving 680 respondents. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, mean comparison tests, and Spearman’s and Kendall’s rank correlation coefficients. In addition, the homogeneity of responses and the degree of interrelationships within thematic factor groups were assessed. The findings indicate that residents’ evaluations of Smart Governance and Smart Mobility are statistically homogeneous, whereas statistically significant differences in mean values were identified for Smart Environment, Smart Living, and Smart City Resources. Correlation analysis revealed strong and statistically significant relationships among respondents’ answers across all factor groups (p < 0.001), indicating a systematic perception of Smart City elements among residents. The analysis of sociodemographic variables demonstrated that education level is the only factor showing a stable and statistically significant association with Smart City acceptance, while the effects of age, gender, and place of residence are not universal. The results highlight the importance of considering residents’ perceptions, educational background, and the application of a citizen-centric approach in the development of Smart City strategies.

Digital technologies have fundamentally transformed consumer behavior, particularly among Generations Y and Z, whose consumption patterns are shaped by permanent online connectivity and social interaction. Despite extensive research on digital consumption, an integrated understanding of how digital tools and social influence can be used to manage consumer behavior across generations remains limited. This research aims to develop and empirically substantiate a conceptual approach to managing the consumer behavior of Generations Y and Z in the context of digital technologies. We used a combination of theoretical analysis, systematization of existing literature, and a quantitative survey-based research design. Empirical data were collected through a structured online questionnaire (n = 62). Descriptive and comparative analysis was applied to test a set of hypotheses examining the effects of smartphone usage, mobile applications, social influence, platform convenience, and promotional incentives on consumer behavior. The main results show that intensive smartphone use significantly increases the frequency of online purchases among both generations. Platform convenience strongly influences Generation Y’s choice of shopping channels, while social influence and online promotions play a decisive role in shaping Generation Z’s purchasing motivation. The presence of mobile shopping applications alone does not guarantee brand loyalty, indicating the need for additional engagement mechanisms. The novelty of this study lies in the integrated empirical analysis of digital, social, and generational determinants of consumer behavior. The findings contribute to consumer behavior theory by demonstrating the differentiated impact of digital management tools across generations and provide practical insights for developing targeted digital marketing strategies.

This article comprehensively evaluates the effectiveness of government instruments aimed at stimulating regional innovation and entrepreneurial potential in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It examines government support mechanisms for entrepreneurship, including financial, infrastructural, and educational instruments. It also analyzes regional differences in the development of small and medium-sized businesses, innovation activity, and youth engagement in entrepreneurship. The study aims to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of government instruments for stimulating the innovation and entrepreneurial potential of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, identify their impact on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, innovation activity, and the reduction of regional disparities, and develop recommendations for improving public policy based on a differentiated regional approach. The study's methodological basis includes systematic and comparative analysis, as well as economic and statistical processing of official data from the Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan. Using aggregated key indicators, the study assessed regional innovation and entrepreneurial potential and showed its dependence on the scale and structure of government support. It was found that existing instruments contribute to the growth of entrepreneurial activity; however, their impact on reducing regional disparities remains limited. The study identifies structural constraints associated with the uneven distribution of resources and the differentiation of territorial infrastructure development. The paper proposes directions for optimizing government policy based on a differentiated regional approach, including strengthening institutional coordination, developing regional innovation ecosystems, and improving the effectiveness of entrepreneurship support programs. The results can be used to develop regional development strategies and improve public policy instruments to support innovative entrepreneurship.

This study analyzes the role of social entrepreneurship as a key tool for addressing regional socio-economic challenges. In the current context, where the search for innovative mechanisms to solve social problems is particularly relevant, social entrepreneurship is social vulnerability. The study focuses on the Karaganda region, an industrially developed area with a high level of urbanization and a significant share of socially vulnerable groups.

Developing social entrepreneurship in the region is crucial for diversifying the economy, expanding employment, and reducing deficits in social infrastructure. However, several socio-economic challenges remain relevant, including the persistence of single-industry towns, youth outmigration, limited employment opportunities in rural areas, and the need to improve access to social services. Increased state support for the third sector, including the adoption of legislation on social entrepreneurship in 2021, the expansion of public-private partnership instruments, and the implementation of state programs for social businesses, has created new opportunities for regional development. Nevertheless, despite available resources and institutional conditions, the Karaganda region has not yet realized the full potential of social entrepreneurship. Therefore, the study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the current state of social entrepreneurship in the region, examining its internal and external factors. The study employed a SWOT analysis to systematically evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of social entrepreneurship. The study aims to identify the key factors influencing the development of social entrepreneurship in the Karaganda region, assess regional characteristics and available potential, and develop recommendations for effectively integrating social entrepreneurship into regional development policy.

The article aims to identify the key factors driving the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and to provide an in-depth examination of current trends and challenges in entrepreneurship. Comparing SME development factors in Kazakhstan with the experience of developed countries highlights the importance of the conditions and mechanisms that influence entrepreneurial activity. A comparative, quantitative analysis of the business environment and the factors determining enterprise success focuses on both the specific characteristics of the Kazakhstani market and international best practices. This approach deepens understanding of Kazakhstan's entrepreneurial climate and provides a strong basis for developing strategies to support and stimulate entrepreneurship. The study examines the current state and development prospects of SMEs, which are increasingly important to the economic development of many countries, and identifies effective international practices that can contribute to Kazakhstan’s economic development. The methodological framework is based on general scientific research methods, including comparative, logical, and statistical analysis. These methods were used to assess the current state of SMEs and to identify the major challenges and development prospects of the SME sector in Kazakhstan. The empirical analysis draws on information sources related to SME development, data from analytical centers, social survey results, and indicators from national reports addressing the entrepreneurial sector. The study used information on international practices for comparative analysis. The study used pairwise regression analysis to quantitatively assess the relationships among the variables under study. The research findings are presented as conclusions regarding the current state and development prospects of SMEs in Kazakhstan. The study identifies effective practices from other countries that could be adapted to national conditions and formulates recommendations to enhance SMEs' contribution to the country’s economic development.

The article examines how the population's education level affects human capital formation and economic growth. The research is relevant because of the need to increase the efficiency of human capital use in the modern knowledge economy. The work aims to quantify the relationship between the population's educational characteristics and key macroeconomic indicators. The study focuses on human capital in the national economic system; the subject is how the level of education (the proportion of the population with higher education, the average duration of education, and the quality of educational institutions) affects its added value, labor productivity, and economic growth. The paper examines the lack of understanding of the quantitative relationships between the qualitative characteristics of education and their economic effects. The research uses correlation and regression analysis, along with comparative analysis of statistical data. The tools used make it possible to identify the degree and nature of the influence of educational factors on economic development. The results of the research can serve as a basis for conducting panel-data research by region and for an in-depth study of the impact of investments and technologies on human capital. The study found a statistically significant positive relationship between education levels and labor productivity, as well as the contribution of human capital to economic growth. The study shows that improving education quality and increasing training duration contribute to growth in the added value of human capital.

This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of employer liability in the labor law of the Kyrgyz Republic. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to ensure effective protection of employees’ labor rights in the context of developing market relations and the ongoing improvement of national labor legislation. The study considers the main types of employer liability established by labor legislation, including material, administrative, and other forms of legal liability. Particular attention is paid to the problems of law enforcement practice related to violations of employees’ labor rights, delayed payment of wages, unlawful dismissal, non-compliance with occupational safety requirements, and compensation for harm caused to the life and health of employees in the course of their employment. The aim of the study is to comprehensively examine the theoretical and practical aspects of employer liability in the labor law of the Kyrgyz Republic, identify key problems in law enforcement practice, and determine the main directions for improving liability mechanisms to ensure effective protection of employees’ labor rights and promote social partnership. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and special methods of legal inquiry, including analysis, synthesis, comparative legal analysis, and the formal legal method. The study analyzes the provisions of the labor legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic, international labor standards developed by the International Labor Organization (ILO), as well as scholarly works of domestic and foreign researchers devoted to issues of employer liability. The research identifies the main problems associated with the implementation of legislation in the field under consideration and determines the directions for its further improvement. It is concluded that increasing the effectiveness of employer liability mechanisms is an important prerequisite for ensuring legality in labor relations, strengthening guarantees for the protection of employees’ rights, and promoting the development of social partnership in the Kyrgyz Republic.

This article examines the phenomenon of shadow genomic laboratories as an emerging form of organized crime developing at the intersection of biotechnology, digital communications, and criminal network practices. The relevance of the study is determined by the transformation of the criminal environment, in which illegal operations involving genetic information and biotechnological resources are increasingly disseminated through virtual communication channels, significantly complicating their detection, legal classification, and suppression. The aim of the study is to identify institutional and legal gaps in the system for countering shadow genomic laboratories and to develop an interdisciplinary model of state response to biodigital crime. The methodological framework comprises content analysis of scientific literature, comparative legal analysis of international practices, an online survey, and structural modeling. The findings demonstrate that in Kazakhstan, this emerging threat is characterized by potentially high levels of latency, insufficient interagency coordination, and regulatory uncertainty concerning new biodigital risks. A national counteraction model is proposed, incorporating six interconnected stages of institutional response: monitoring, detection, risk assessment, interagency coordination, legal suppression, and follow-up control. The model is supplemented by proposals to improve the regulatory framework, strengthen digital monitoring mechanisms, and enhance cooperation among government authorities, research institutions, and law enforcement agencies. The practical significance of the study lies in the potential application of the proposed approaches to developing a national system for preventing and suppressing emerging forms of organized crime associated with the illicit use of genomic and digital technologies.

In the context of rapid digitalization of social relations, legal systems, including criminal justice, are undergoing significant structural and functional transformation. In recent years, many countries have demonstrated a shift from the traditional paper-based form of criminal proceedings to electronic formats. In this regard, the emergence of the “electronic criminal case” institution has become one of the key elements of the new digital paradigm of criminal procedure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal nature of the electronic criminal case institution in the context of the digital transformation of criminal proceedings and to determine its role within the criminal justice system. The research employs dialectical, system-structural, comparative legal, and analytical methods.

The study identifies the main legal characteristics of electronic criminal proceedings and highlights their differences from the traditional form of criminal procedure. Particular attention is paid to the formation of electronic procedural documents, the legal status of digital evidence, and the specific features of procedural actions carried out through information systems. The findings indicate that the electronic criminal case is gradually emerging as an independent institutional element of modern criminal procedure.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the theoretical substantiation of the legal nature of the “electronic criminal case” institution within the framework of the digital transformation of criminal procedure, as well as in the development of proposals aimed at improving the criminal procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on international experience. The results of the study have both theoretical and practical significance for further development of digital criminal justice and improvement of legal regulation of electronic criminal proceedings.

This article discusses the issues of civil law regulation of environmental harm. The norms of Civil law legislation regulate compensation for environmental damage. However, the civil law regulation of environmental harm has its own peculiarities. First of all, this is because compensation for environmental damage is complex. Along with the norms of civil legislation, the norms of legislation in the field of environmental protection are applied to compensation for environmental damage. The aim of the study is to examine the civil-law nature of environmental harm, analyze the specific features of its compensation through the interaction of civil and environmental legislation, identify existing legal inconsistencies between these branches of law, and develop proposals for improving the civil-law regulation of environmental harm compensation. In modern legal literature, environmental harm is described as a separate manifestation of civil legal liability. That is, it is based on the statement that the harm caused by an environmental offense is a separate type of causing civil damage. Although the norms of the Environmental Code provide for responsibility for an environmental offense, its legal nature is based on civil law norms. A comprehensive legal institution in which compensation for environmental damage is based not only on civil law norms, but also on other leading branches of law. The article analyzes the civil nature of environmental damage. The author draws attention to contradictions between civil and environmental legislation related to the compensation of environmental damage and the need to eliminate it. The author suggests supplementing the Civil Code with a special article on the regulation of environmental harm, taking into account the legal specifics of environmental harm.

In the context of the modernization of the penitentiary system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the issue of terminological clarity in national legislation has become particularly relevant. In the field of sentence enforcement, the categories of “resocialization,” “social adaptation,” “social rehabilitation,” and “reintegration” are used simultaneously, leading to conceptual ambiguity. The purpose of this study is to identify the legal nature, content, and correlation of these concepts, as well as to substantiate the need for their legislative unification. An analysis of the Criminal Executive Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Law “On Probation,” and departmental regulations has revealed the absence of a unified approach to the terms “resocialization” and “reintegration,” resulting in duplication of their legal content and uncertainty regarding the competencies of state authorities. Based on an examination of statistical indicators of recidivism and the employment rate of released persons, the article demonstrates that a formalistic approach to definitions reduces the effectiveness of targeted support for citizens. The main scientific outcome of the study is the justification for transitioning to a single integrative concept of “resocialization” as the term that most comprehensively encompasses all stages of an individual’s return to society. The practical value of the work lies in the author's recommendations, which can be used to improve the regulatory framework, enhance the effectiveness of penitentiary institutions, and strengthen the activities of probation services.

This work examines a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of legal regulation of public procurement, associated with the transition from traditional post-control to preventive control through programmable money based on distributed ledger technology. The subject of the study is legal relations arising from the application of the digital tenge in public procurement, as well as legal gaps and conflicts of this process. The purpose is to identify systemic legal defects in current legislation that impede the effective implementation of programmable money technology and to develop conceptual foundations for eliminating them. The relevance is determined by the February 2026 launch of a pilot project using the digital tenge in public procurement and by the contradiction between the system's technological readiness and the legal uncertainty regarding the status of its key elements. The methodological basis comprises formal legal, comparative legal, system-structural, and legal modeling methods. The main results indicate the phenomenon of "double lag": legislation lacks adequate regulation of smart contracts and programmable money, while legal doctrine fails to comprehend their legal nature. Conceptual proposals for creating legal infrastructure to regulate programmable finance have been formulated.

This research paper examines the pressing issues surrounding the implementation of the right to inclusive education in Oskemen's educational landscape through an international comparative legal lens. The primary objective of the study is to propose legal mechanisms for enhancing the national inclusion model by analyzing the advanced legislative experiences of Norway, Germany, and England. The research employs comparative legal analysis, statutory interpretation, and a systems approach. The analysis validates the effectiveness of Norway’s «adapted education,» Germany’s «resource-based transformation,» and England’s «legal accountability and SEND Code» models. The author identifies key barriers in Oskemen’s schools: lack of financial transparency, low legal status of specialists, and the weak legal enforceability of individual education plans (IEPs). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the justification for adapting the English «EHC Plan» and the German «mobile support» experience to the context of Oskemen. The paper concludes with specific recommendations to elevate the status of Psychological, Medical, and Pedagogical Consultation (PMPC) reports to mandatory state contracts and to transition to a voucher-based per-capita funding system for inclusive education. The findings provide a practical contribution to improving educational legislation and protecting the rights of children with special educational needs.

The article presents a comprehensive study of environmental courts and tribunals as specialized judicial bodies designed to ensure the effective resolution of environmental disputes. The authors examine international experience in establishing and functioning environmental courts and tribunals (ECT) in more than ten countries, including India, Australia, New Zealand, China, the United States, and Brazil, drawing on UNEP program documents, systematic reviews of scientific literature, and research by leading scholars in environmental studies.

The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative legal analysis of environmental court and tribunal models, identify their key characteristics, and assess the prospects for establishing similar specialized institutions in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study examines the organizational and legal features of ECTs, criteria for their effective functioning, access to scientific and technical expertise, and the efficiency of environmental dispute resolution. Particular attention is paid to the National Green Tribunal of India, the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales in Australia, and specialized environmental courts in China.

The findings demonstrate that specialized environmental courts can improve the quality of environmental justice and provide effective mechanisms for compensating environmental damage in administrative and criminal proceedings. They also facilitate public access to justice, strengthen protection of environmental rights, and contribute to the rule of law, particularly given that the right to a favorable environment is enshrined in Article 31(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Based on the comparative analysis, the authors develop recommendations for establishing environmental courts in Kazakhstan, taking into account the national legal system, regional environmental conditions, and international best practices. The study has theoretical and practical significance for environmental law specialists, natural resource managers, and public authorities responsible for environmental and water policy.

This article examines the application of algorithmic recidivism risk assessment systems in parole procedures within a comparative framework. It analyzes the experience of Council of Europe member states (the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) alongside the current legal regulation of parole in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The aim of the study is to substantiate the architecture of a national risk assessment algorithm integrated with the information systems “Torelik”, the Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records of the Prosecutor General’s Office (KSPSU), and the Automated Information System of Enforcement Proceedings (AIS OIP) in order to verify the fulfillment of civil obligations. The methodological framework of the research is based on comparative legal, statistical, and formal legal methods. The analysis of European legislation and judicial statistics of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020–2025 demonstrates that the Kazakhstani parole model relies on a system of behavioral grading of convicted persons, which has become a mandatory element in the preparation of institutional reports submitted to the court when considering parole applications. However, these indicators are characterized by low predictive accuracy and a high degree of subjectivity in their formation. Based on the findings, recommendations are formulated for the phased adaptation of algorithmic risk assessment tools to the conditions of the Kazakhstani legal system. It has been established that, unlike its European counterparts, the Kazakhstani model lacks both a validated tool for predicting recidivism and an appellate mechanism for reviewing such assessments, resulting in substantial regional variation in parole approval rates. The practical significance of the study lies in proposing a phased roadmap for integrating algorithmic risk-assessment tools into Kazakhstan’s legal system while preserving the primacy of judicial discretion.