The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is strengthening its role as a significant economic structure formed within the evolutionary development of Eurasian integration. Its formation is closely connected with historical processes aimed at restoring economic ties in the post-Soviet space. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the formation and development of the Eurasian Economic Union in the historical and modern context, to identify key areas of integration processes. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, various formats of regional economic cooperation gradually evolved institutionally and eventually transformed into the current EAEU model. Today, the Union is regarded as an important platform for regional cooperation, facilitating trade, investment, and economic interaction among member states. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the functioning and development of the EAEU from both historical and contemporary perspectives through qualitative analysis of thirteen official speeches delivered at the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council meetings between 2020 and 2024. The research examines the formation and transformation of integration ideas, as well as their manifestation in modern economic policy. The findings indicate that integration constitutes the core element of the EAEU’s development and is rooted in historical continuity. Four main thematic areas were identified: integration achievements, the growth of regional trade, increasing interest of external actors in cooperation, and key requirements for further development. These areas highlight the interconnection between the historical foundations of Eurasian economic integration and its current development trends. The results demonstrate that the EAEU plays a significant role in strengthening economic cooperation, expanding trade relations, and improving the institutional framework of regional integration. At the same time, the Union’s development reflects the revival and transformation of historical economic ties in the Eurasian region.

This article examines the strategic significance of the Raim Fortress in the Russian Empire's expansion into the lower Syr Darya region during the mid-nineteenth century. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive criminal law and criminalistic analysis of the participation of citizens of Kazakhstan in foreign armed conflicts, identifying gaps and problems of legal regulation and law enforcement practice. The study aims to analyze the political and military motivations behind the construction of the fortress and to evaluate its role within the broader system of Russian imperial frontier policy in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia. The research examines how the Russian administration sought to consolidate its authority in the Aral Sea region after the failure of direct military campaigns and the increasing instability along the imperial frontier. The study is based on the analysis of archival materials from several repositories, including the State Archive of the Orenburg, the Central State Archive of Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan. The methodological framework of the research relies on the principles of historicism, systematic analysis, and comparative historical methods, which allow the Raim fortress to be examined within the wider network of Russian military-administrative fortifications in the steppe. The results demonstrate that the construction of the Raim Fortress in 1847 represented an important stage in the transformation of Russian frontier policy from episodic military campaigns toward the systematic establishment of fortified bases that combined military, administrative, and logistical functions. The fortress served not only as a defensive installation but also as a strategic center for controlling caravan trade routes and supporting further imperial expansion toward the interior regions of Central Asia.

The study concludes that the Raim Fortress played a crucial role in consolidating Russian influence in the Aral Sea region and in creating the infrastructural conditions necessary for subsequent military operations along the Syr Darya.

This article is an in-depth study of the significant role and contributions of Kazakh women in the fields of art and science in the early 20th century. The purpose of the article is to comprehensively analyze the role and contribution of Kazakh women to the development of art and science in the early 20th century based on the study of their creative and scientific heritage, as well as to identify the impact of socio-historical conditions, including the early Soviet period, on the formation of their professional activities and social status. Despite numerous challenges such as discrimination, social stereotypes and limited access to education and resources, these women managed to create unique and expressive works of art and make significant contributions to the development of science. They have done this through determination, resilience and a deep passion for their field. Their works not only reflected the sociopolitical climate of their time, but also served as a beacon of inspiration for future generations. It also highlights the profound influence that these women had on the cultural and scientific evolution of Kazakhstan. Their contributions were not limited to their field of activity, but also had a far-reaching impact on the society and culture of Kazakhstan.

The early Soviet era brought significant changes to the lives of Kazakh women, granting them certain rights that contributed to increasing women's self-esteem and social status. It was a time of great change and upheaval, but these women overcame these difficulties with dignity and fortitude. The stories of these women serve as a testament to their strength and the indomitable spirit of women around the world. They are a reminder of the power of persistence and the importance of fighting for your rights. 

The article examines the poetic legacy of Murat Mönkeuly as a historical source in comparison with European (Western and Russian) historiographical traditions on the history of the Nogai Horde and the Caspian littoral. The study combines close textual analysis of aitys/jyr with source criticism (internal/external verification) and interdisciplinary triangulation. Drawing on domestic scholarship and published folklore recordings enables the refinement of datings, the identification of personae and local toponymy, and the delineation of the epic’s ideological functions (clan apologetics, normative codes). It is shown that evidence from the oral tradition often complements and corrects the narratives of Howorth and of pre-revolutionary/Soviet Russian historiography, while requiring caution due to genre hyperbole and temporal distance. As a result, Murat’s position within the corpus of sources on the history of the Lower Volga and Mangystau is clarified. The analysis demonstrates how oral plots fix local memories, personages, and toponymy, supplementing—and in certain cases correcting—written narratives; at the same time, the methodological limitations of genre hyperbole and temporal distance are specified. The outcome is a clarified evental framework and ideological functions of the epic in the context of the legacy of the Jochid Ulus.

The unique natural objects in the Irtysh region, rich with sacred attributes, play a vital role in Kazakhstan's spiritual life. They serve as centers for worship, veneration, and various rituals, with properties linked to cosmology and healing dating back to antiquity. This article aims to systematize written and oral sources regarding the sacred view of these objects from the ancient Turkic era, and to reconstruct historical memory using the retrospective method. It demonstrates that modern Kazakh society is the spiritual successor to the ancient Turkic traditions and beliefs. The study of these sacred objects reveals the rituals and traditions of the ancient Turks, enriching our understanding of their cultural heritage. By analyzing sources and archaeological data, we illuminate the significance of these objects in Kazakh history and spiritual practices. This approach deepens our understanding of the ties between contemporary religious and cultural practices and their historical roots. Our research contributes significantly to the preservation and promotion of Kazakhstan's cultural heritage, emphasizing the diversity of its spiritual traditions. This fosters connections between past and present, enhancing knowledge transfer and historical respect among the younger generation.

This article is devoted to the power practices of the Middle Zhuz's agha sultans after the abolition of the khan's power, following the adoption of the "Charter on the Siberian Kirghiz" in 1822. The purpose of the article is to analyze the power practices of the Aga sultans of the Middle Zhuz after the abolition of Khan authority on the basis of the "Charter of the Siberian Kyrgyz" in order to identify the transformation of the management system, the role of biys in the activities of the Bayanauli outer district and assess their socio-political contribution to the protection of the interests of Kazakh society during the administrative reforms of the Russian Empire. According to the Charter, representatives of the Tore-Chingizid class were officially appointed as agha sultans. Still, later, the tsarist administration began to rely on biys - representatives of the black bone. This trend was particularly pronounced in Bayanaul's outer district, which united the Kazakh clans of the Middle Zhuz. The article defines the socio-political activities of the ruling officials of the specified district, such as Shon bi Edigeuly, Shorman Kuchikov, Kazangap bi Satybaldiuly, and Musa Shormanov. The article's source base comprises archival documents, historical folklore materials, and previously published materials. Based on published materials and archival documents, an analysis of political and social events related to this historical process was conducted. Oral and written sources prove that the biys who ruled the Bayanaul outer district were wise and educated figures of their time, and were fluent in Russian. They were politicians who took care of their people and defended their interests, being especially trusted representatives of the officials of the tsarist administration. The senior sultans who ruled the district were not only active in political and social life, but also engaged in research into Kazakh ethnography and culture. The article's chronological framework begins with the adoption of the "Charter on the Siberian Kyrgyz" in 1822. It extends to the period leading to the destruction of the Bayanaul district in connection with the administrative reform of 1867-1868.

The formation and development of underground organizations in Kazakhstan during the 1920s-1980s represented one of the manifestations of society’s internal resistance to the Soviet totalitarian system. Most of these organizations were initiated by representatives of the national intelligentsia and youth. They employed various methods such as distributing written appeals, awakening national consciousness through literature, and generating public dissent. Notable examples include the "ESEP" (1940–1950s), "Zhas Kazakh" (1960), "Zhas Tulpar" (1963), and the "Qazaqshyldar" organization founded in 1928 in Shymkent. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis on the basis of historical data of the prerequisites for the formation, goals and activities of the underground organization "Kazakhshylar", created in the late 1920s of the XX century on the territory of Kazakhstan. This article examines the creation, goals, and activities of the nationaldemocratic underground organization "Qazaqshyldar", which emerged in the late 1920s in opposition to Soviet rule. Established in Shymkent, this organization protested against Soviet colonial policy by publishing an appeal titled “Rise, Kazakh!” and urged Kazakh youth to resist colonial oppression. The appeal sharply criticized the Soviet grain procurement policy, the assimilation of national culture, the falsehood of the "Kazakhization" slogan, and unresolved land issues. The article outlines the biographies of organization members, their arrests, and eventual rehabilitation. It also highlights how the organization’s activities and appeals served as a spiritual catalyst for public uprisings of the time. Despite being persecuted by Soviet authorities, the organisation's actions are considered today to be a legitimate continuation of the national liberation movement. Drawing on archival sources and investigative documents, the article emphasizes the necessity of restoring historical justice.

The article describes the people’s struggle against Soviet power and the leaders of this movement in people’s memory in the village of Aibas, Novobogat district, Guryev Territory. Following the Civil Resistance of 1918-1920, Soviet power was established in Kazakhstan. The shift from War Communism to the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the 1920s proved highly beneficial for Kazakh peasants, whose lives were based on livestock farming. During the NEP, farms in the western region of Kazakhstan successfully bartered surplus livestock products in populous Central Asian cities such as Astrakhan, Orenburg, and Tashkent. This exchange was so profitable that some traders grew wealthy. Crucially, closed archives confirm that this barter network was the main channel through which the latestmodel English or European weapons and ammunition reached Kazakh villages. The relative stability was abruptly broken on August 27, 1928, with the confiscation of wealthy farms—the economic foundation of the Kazakh village. This was quickly followed by forced sedentarization and collectivization. The period of 1929-1933, which stripped the people of their entire livelihood and all their livestock, became the primary cause for the armed resistance against Soviet rule. Initially scattered, the struggle in the Guryev region soon evolved into a disciplined "guerrilla warfare system." New archival data reveal resistance centers in areas such as Novobogat, Tengiz, and Kyzylkoga. Although the number of people in the militias was small, they caused some confusion for the authorities. The history of bloody clashes with the OGPU forces includes the famous Aibas Uprising. It highlights new names of organizers, such as Mukit Irmukhametov and Zhumagali Zhangozhin, who have now entered the historical record.

The article examines the issue of the driving forces and structural components of the intellectual potential of auls and rural settlements in Kazakhstan. The study's chronological framework covers the so-called post-war period, namely 1946–1991. In a brief overview, the authors describe the weak intellectual potential of the pre-war years, when the demand for qualified personnel was largely met through specialists arriving from outside the region. It is noted that the republic lacked higher educational institutions that trained specialists for the agricultural sector. Only the accelerated development of the educational system beginning in the 1960s strengthened the position of educated specialists in auls and rural settlements. At the same time, the article documents an acute shortage of agricultural personnel and analyzes the Party and government's efforts to eliminate these shortcomings. Based on archival sources and statistical data, the authors present gender and age differences among specialists with higher and secondary specialized education in auls and rural settlements, and demonstrate the dynamics of their growth. The impact of the Virgin Lands campaign on the social and cultural life of auls and rural settlements is also highlighted. The article clearly traces the differentiation of the rural intelligentsia into humanitarian, production and technical, medical, law enforcement, and military groups, substantiated by archival evidence. In addition, from the 1970s onward, the emergence of a scientific intelligentsia is observed. The authors emphasize the steady growth of all groups of the intelligentsia within the republic's agrarian space. The article aims to examine the driving forces and structural components of the intellectual potential of auls and rural settlements in Kazakhstan during the period from 1946 to 1991.

This study explores the receptivity of high school students in Latin America to Feedback, particularly in the context of learning English as a foreign language. It investigates how students perceive and respond to feedback, focusing on the use of Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) tools. The purpose of the article is to study the susceptibility of Latin American high school students to feedback when learning English as a foreign language, including an assessment of their attitude to automated written work verification tools (AWE). The research addresses gaps in the literature by examining a largely overlooked population—high school students in Latin America—and by analyzing students' perceptions of AWE tools and their receptivity to feedback. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from questionnaires and qualitative insights from three open-ended questionnaire items. Key findings reveal that students are receptive to feedback but do not engage behaviorally with it. Although they have a positive attitude toward and perception of AWE tools, their use is low. Students generally prefer personalized feedback from teachers over automated tools, though there is potential to improve the effectiveness and acceptance of AWE tools. The study found no statistically significant differences in feedback receptivity based on age, gender, or language proficiency, with negligible effect sizes across all comparisons.

This article examines the effectiveness of using new technologies in the stylistic analysis of a literary text. The main purpose of the study is to increase students' level of stylistic analysis of literary texts, using the example of the novel by Sh.Aitmatov's «First Teacher» and its development of the ability to understand the hero's feelings, that is, empathy. The relevance of the work lies in the need to present a literary text in a new format, aligned with the student's interests, through stylistic analysis in the modern digital age. The emphasis was placed not only on the presentation of a literary text but also on its in-depth study from a linguistic and semantic point of view. As part of the study, a special experiment was conducted with 10th-grade secondary school students in Kyzylorda (60 children in total). In the experimental work lessons, students were given tasks such as texting on behalf of characters on WhatsApp, composing story comics using artificial intelligence, and dubbing videos. Using digital formats, these techniques have created the conditions for a stylistic analysis of an artistic work and a deeper understanding of its essence. The results of the study were processed by the Wilcoxon test in the SPSS Statistics IVM program. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the proposed methodology improved students' skills in stylistic analysis, understanding, and self-assessment of literary texts to a very high level (p < 0.001). The result of the work was the importance of using digital technologies in the stylistic analysis of a literary text in the development of a student's personality.

The development and use of massive open online courses (MOOC) platforms are associated with some complex technological issues that affect the quality of learning and the availability of educational content. The main technological issues can be divided into several areas: platform interoperability and integration, the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) and chatbots, scalability and data processing, multilingualism and localization, and security and legal aspects. The Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) standard is often used to ensure interoperability between learning management systems (LMS), but during implementation, problems arise with synchronizing user accounts and assigning grades. The introduction of AI increases support for learners, but poses risks such as limited contextual understanding, decision inauthenticity (XAI), and technological hallucinations. The platforms require processing large amounts of data (clicks, logs, test results), leading to server overload and necessitating specialized servers such as Milvus. Multilingualism issues arise from machine translation errors, especially in technical terms, while security concerns include GDPR compliance and copyright management. This study is a systematic literature review and is based on an analysis of 27 scientific articles published between 2020 and 2026, including an additional 7 scientific articles on this topic indexed in the Scopus database These articles address technological solutions to the problems, including RAG technology, knowledge graphs (EduKGs), and human-in-the-loop approaches. In addition, 20 articles were included in the proceedings of the international scientific conference “European MOOCs Stakeholder Summit – EMOOCS 2025”, which will be held at the Université Télécom Paris, Palaiseau, France, from 30 June to 2 July 2025 The results demonstrate the interrelationship of technological and pedagogical factors in the development of HELC platforms, and on this basis allow for increasing the effectiveness of education.

The modern system of biological education requires updated approaches to foster integrated scientific literacy, enhance interdisciplinary awareness, and develop analytical thinking. The purpose of the study is to develop and test a methodology for the formation of integrated natural science literacy of students within the framework of the discipline "evolutionary learning" The main problem lies in the fragmented perception of evolutionary processes, weak integration of knowledge from related disciplines, insufficient use of digital technologies in education, and low student engagement in research activities. This study focuses on developing and testing effective teaching methodologies for evolutionary education that utilize problem-based learning (PBL), project-based learning, interactive technologies, and an interdisciplinary approach. The research was conducted over 12 months and included three phases: diagnostic, formative, and control. A total of 110 undergraduate students participated, divided into experimental (55) and control (55) groups. To evaluate the effectiveness, mathematical statistical methods were applied, including Student’s t-test, correlation analysis, and ANOVA. The results demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge levels, scientific argumentation, interdisciplinary awareness, and students’ readiness to apply evolutionary concepts in professional settings. The experimental group showed a higher level of material retention compared to the control group. The developed methodology can be integrated into educational programs to enhance the quality of evolutionary education, foster a scientific worldview, and improve students’ critical thinking. Biology educators can practically apply the findings to refine teaching strategies and advance scientific literacy in future professionals.

This study presents the development and empirical validation of a pedagogical model aimed at fostering environmental responsibility among prospective teachers within the digital learning environment of pedagogical colleges. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to move beyond declarative environmental education toward measurable behavioural transformation in the context of sustainable development and digitalization of vocational teacher training in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to develop and empirically validate a pedagogical model for the formation of environmental responsibility among future teachers in a digital educational environment, as well as to evaluate its effectiveness based on a comprehensive diagnosis of cognitive, value, behavioral and digital competencies. The empirical study was conducted during the 2024–2025 academic year in two pedagogical colleges of the West Kazakhstan region and involved 165 students aged 16–20. The Eco-TeacherResponsibility (ETR) diagnostic toolkit was developed to assess four components of environmental responsibility: cognitive awareness, value orientation, behavioural readiness, and digital ecological competence. The results demonstrate statistically significant improvements following a structured formative intervention (p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.82). The proportion of students with a high level of environmental responsibility increased from 15% to 44%, while the share of those at a low level decreased from 49% to 11%. The findings confirm that the systematic integration of digital technologies, project-based learning, and value-oriented pedagogical support contributes to sustainable behavioural change among future teachers.

The development of the linguodidactic potential of future primary school teachers using innovative technologies is a pressing issue aimed at improving the quality of training that prepares teachers to effectively address the problems of teaching and educating primary school students. In the context of the modern educational process, which requires the use of new technologies, it is necessary to adapt and implement innovative methods for training teachers, thereby enhancing their professional competencies. The purpose of the study is to analyze and develop methodological approaches to the use of innovative technologies to improve the linguodidactic potential of future primary school teachers. This will create conditions for more effective teaching of language disciplines and the development of speech and communication skills in children. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to update pedagogical technologies to support the development of future teachers' linguistic competence. The introduction of innovative technologies into the educational process for primary school teachers improves their ability to teach children, taking into account the individual characteristics of each student and integrating modern teaching methods within the framework of the general goals of the educational standard. In addition, the use of technologies such as multimedia, interactive whiteboards, computer programs, electronic educational resources, and other tools opens new opportunities for the effective acquisition of language disciplines. The novelty of the study lies in its methodological basis for integrating innovative technologies into the linguodidactic training of future primary school teachers. A special feature of this approach is the attention to the use of technologies to develop students' skills in working with new educational tools.

The article examines the effectiveness of pedagogical technologies in teaching the Kazakh language to foreign Kazakhs. To learn a language, the pedagogical activity of a teacher is important, and teaching methods must include tools that encourage the language learner to learn the language consciously. In teaching Kazakh as a foreign language, it is important to provide students with opportunities for creative development, correlation of the language with reallife situations, and systematic self-determination of the level of achievement growth. The study of Kazakh as a foreign language develops differently from the study of Kazakh as a second language.

We want to demonstrate the effectiveness of pedagogical technologies by showing that language learners engage in activities focused on interactive and communicative methods in real-world communication using language acquisition strategies. The purpose of this study is to describe and define learning strategies and goals with an emphasis on language performance in interactive modular technology. It is important to note that the communicative approach provides language learners with opportunities for free communication and expands their language proficiency through a range of effective actions. The methods applied to the language learning process are the mechanism that plays the most important role in language acquisition. In our case, teaching Kazakhs-foreigners the Kazakh language through acquaintance with Kazakh culture and history, traditions, and spiritual values, as well as language teaching using interactive modular technology. Language learning is influenced by the language environment, the purpose of language learning, and a decent teaching method, as factors other than human talents and qualities. Given that only a systematic and meaningful methodology yields results in language learning, we consider learning strategies and goals based on interactive modular technology as the main indicators of our research. Teaching Kazakh as a foreign language should be organized as a creative process that promotes the formation of an intellectual personality and the development of thinking. This leads to the use of interactive modular technology, determined by its content and features, as well as general didactic methodological principles and patterns.

The article provides a detailed study of strategies for integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) into the training of future primary school teachers. Special attention is paid to the analysis of existing approaches to the formation of teachers' digital culture in the context of globalization and rapid technological development. The author's analysis includes an assessment of current methods, identification of their shortcomings, and suggestions for optimizing curricula and courses. ICT integration is presented as a complex cultural, pedagogical, and social process that requires an interdisciplinary approach. The purpose of the research is to theoretically substantiate and develop effective strategies for integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) into the process of training future primary school teachers aimed at shaping their digital culture in the context of globalization and digital transformation of education based on the analysis of existing approaches, identifying their limitations and developing practice-oriented recommendations for improving educational programs and methods. training. The results of the study confirm the need to modernize educational infrastructure, develop digital modules, and improve teachers' professional training. The article emphasizes that the formation of the digital culture of future teachers is possible only through a combination of technology and pedagogical innovations, individual approaches, and the constant updating of the methodological base. The research results include strategic recommendations to improve the educational process, such as introducing project-based learning, hybrid formats, gamification, and cloud technologies. The data obtained has significant practical value and contributes to dialogue among educational institutions, policymakers, and researchers. The authors conclude that a systematic approach is needed to create a sustainable digital culture that will serve as the basis for professional teacher training in the context of the digital transformation of society.

In an era of accelerated progress in information technology and the education system's growing digital transformation, the development of information culture among schoolchildren plays a special role. The purpose of the article is to theoretically substantiate and experimentally verify the effectiveness of pedagogical conditions and methods for the development of reading literacy in ninth grade students as a key component of the formation of their information culture in the context of digitalization of education. A fundamental aspect of this culture is reading literacy, which empowers students to comprehend, analyze, and evaluate a range of texts with a high degree of meaning. The present article presents the findings of a pedagogical experiment conducted to enhance the reading literacy of ninth-grade students at a rural educational institution in the Almaty region. The primary aim of this initiative was to lay the foundation for the development of the students' information culture. The study was conducted from March to May 2025 and consisted of two phases: a diagnostic phase and a formative phase. The initial phase of the study consisted of a 10-question survey. The second phase of the project entailed implementing a curriculum comprising thematic modules focused on developing skills in meaningful reading, critical analysis, and source verification. The results of the formative experiment showed positive gains in students' reading literacy in the experimental group. The theoretical significance of the study lies in its exploration of the role of reading literacy in students' lives and in substantiating the connection between reading literacy and personal information literacy. Its practical significance lies in the development and testing of a set of tasks that can be used in educational practice to enhance students' reading literacy as part of personal information literacy.

This article presents an empirical analysis of the professional perspectives of prospective primary school teachers regarding the international comparative assessments TIMSS and PIRLS. The purpose of the article is to empirically analyze the professional attitude of future primary school teachers to international comparative studies TIMSS and PIRLS, to determine the level of their understanding of these studies, their impact on professional competence and significance in teaching practice, as well as to substantiate effective directions for integrating the content of international assessment studies into the teacher training system based on the results obtained. The study involved 60 third- and fourth-year students enrolled in the “Pedagogy and Methods of Primary Education” program at Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of 25 statements evaluated on a five-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed through factor analysis using the JASP statistical software. The results revealed five core thematic factors: general understanding, impact on professional competence, influence on teaching practice, interest and necessity, and personal attitude. The validity of the identified factor model was confirmed by Chi-square and parallel analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. This study contributes to the theoretical and empirical substantiation of the role of international assessment studies in developing the professional competence of future primary school teachers. Furthermore, it emphasizes the relevance of integrating TIMSS and PIRLS content into teacher education curricula. The findings offer both academic and practical insights for educational reforms and highlight the potential to enhance the motivation of prospective teachers to engage with international educational studies.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study evaluating the quality of the Unified National Testing (UNT) in Biology in Kazakhstan. The aim of the study is to evaluate the psychometric qualities and substantive validity of the UNT biology test based on empirical data from 2025, using an integrated approach that includes psychometric analysis based on the Rasch model and external meaningful benchmarking with an internationally recognized standard (AQA A-Level Biology). Based on 2025 data, a psychometric analysis was conducted using the Rasch model, alongside a content benchmarking against the British AQA A-Level Biology curriculum. The comparison focused on the distribution of cognitive levels (Bloom's Taxonomy), Assessment Objectives (AOs), and the degree of integration of mathematical skills. The results confirmed satisfactory psychometric characteristics for most UNT items. However, a structural imbalance was identified: 59,1% of the test consists of lower-order thinking skills (AO1 – recall), while application and analysis skills (AO2/AO3) are underrepresented. Furthermore, the study noted fragmented coverage of contemporary topics, such as genetic technologies. Based on the findings, practical recommendations for modernizing the UNT format are formulated. The authors propose increasing the proportion of higher-order thinking tasks, implementing a mandatory mathematical component, and strengthening mechanisms for expert-academic validation. These measures aim to enhance the exam's diagnostic value and ensure its alignment with international educational standards, which is critical for the qualitative selection of university applicants.

As global ecological challenges intensify, the need for comprehensive environmental education in higher education becomes critical, especially in scientific fields like physics. The purpose of the article is to develop and experimentally verify a model for the formation of eco-identity among physics students in the higher education system, as well as to evaluate its effectiveness in improving the level of environmental competence and the formation of sustainable values oriented towards the principles of sustainable development. This paper presents a model for developing ecological identity in physics students. A quasi-experimental study with 46 third-year physics students at Atyrau University (23 experimental, 23 control) was conducted to test the model. The experimental group’s curriculum was enriched with the eco-identity development model, while the control group followed a traditional curriculum. Pre- and post-intervention assessments of environmental competence and ecological identity were carried out. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, t-tests) showed that the experimental group achieved significantly greater gains in environmental competence and stronger ecological self-identification than the control group. The results confirm the hypothesis that embedding a structured eco-identity model in physics education can foster deeper environmental awareness and personal identification with sustainability values. This study’s findings have important implications for physics education and teacher training, demonstrating that cultivating eco-identity alongside scientific knowledge is key to preparing future educators and professionals for sustainable practice. The paper concludes with recommendations for integrating the model in broader educational contexts and suggestions for future research on sustaining eco-identity development.

The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Education” defines the main task of the education system as creating conditions for the formation and professional development of личности based on national and universal values, as well as the achievements of science and practice. This includes the introduction of new educational technologies, informatization, and access to global communication networks [1]. The primary goal of modern education is to develop a well-rounded, adaptable, highly moral, and competitive individual. Achieving this requires training teachers equipped with modern scientific and methodological knowledge to foster creativity and effective learning. The transition to updated educational content reflects a new stage in the development of the education system. The purpose of the article is to analyze the theoretical, methodological, psychological and pedagogical foundations of students' professional orientation, to determine the level of its study in domestic and foreign studies, as well as to reveal the essence of the profession concept in the context of modern updated educational content and requirements for the training of teaching staff. This article analyzes the level of research on vocational guidance of students in domestic and foreign studies and examines the pedagogical and psychological essence of the concept of profession. The nature and extent of research into student career guidance are determined by the current state of pedagogical, scientific, methodological, and psychological theories, as well as teaching practices. The multifactorial, structural, and systemic nature of any educational activity compels researchers to apply comprehensive methods to scientific analysis to study and identify patterns in the educational process.

Digital platforms have become firmly embedded in the practice of School No. 7 in Uralsk, yet rigorous comparative evidence on their impact on adolescents’ language learning outcomes remains limited. The aim of the study is to experimentally assess the impact of using the Wordwall digital platform in the format of short interactive microsessions on the formation of grammatical and lexical skills, as well as the development of oral speech in eighth grade students, followed by justification of the effectiveness of integrating digital tools into the educational process based on a comparative analysis of the results of experimental and control groups. This article presents a quasiexperimental study examining the effects of short interactive Wordwall micro-sessions on eighth-grade students’ mastery of grammar and vocabulary and the development of speaking skills. Fifty students (experimental group, EG = 25; control group, CG = 25) participated over six weeks (four weeks of instruction plus a delayed retention check two weeks later); both groups followed the same syllabus, while the experimental group systematically used Wordwall activities 3 times, 8–12 minutes per week. Assessment included pre-, post-, and delayed (retention) tests; speaking was rated using the CAF rubric (complexity, accuracy, fluency). By median Post–Pre gains, the experimental group outperformed the control: grammar—gain of +14 points (Post–Pre) versus +9 (out of 100); vocabulary—gain of +9 (out of 40) versus +6; speaking—gain of +5.0 (out of 30) versus +3.5. The share of students who surpassed the predefined thresholds for meaningful progress was also higher in the EG (grammar: 76% vs. 40%; vocabulary: 72% vs. 44%; speaking: 64% vs. 36%). The paper discusses mechanisms of action (retrieval practice, gamification, ICAP), design limitations, and practical recommendations for integrating Wordwall into lessons.

This paper develops and validates a methodological framework for an AI-based distance learning platform grounded in core AI principles (data-driven decision-making, learner modeling, adaptive personalization, and continuous feedback). The study aims to (i) formulate a structured development methodology for an AI-enabled platform and (ii) provide empirical evidence of its effectiveness using measurable learning and engagement indicators. The proposed structural–methodological model integrates four interconnected components: (1) platform architecture (data acquisition, content delivery, assessment services, analytics & AI layer, administration/security); (2) personalization mechanisms (learner model, adaptive learning trajectories, recommendation engine, analytics-driven feedback); (3) effectiveness evaluation metrics (pre/post test scores, learning gain, engagement indicators, learner satisfaction); and (4) normative and pedagogical requirements (data protection, academic integrity, accessibility, alignment with intended learning outcomes). The framework was piloted through a quasi-experimental study conducted at Kh. Dosmukhamedov Atyrau University, Department of Computer Science, within the course “Artificial Intelligence Platforms,” involving 2nd-year MSc students (N=22; Control n=11, Experimental n=11). Descriptive results showed that the Control group improved from 57.56% (pre-test) to 69.55% (post-test), yielding a gain of 11.99 percentage points (pp) and a 20.86% relative gain. In contrast, the Experimental group improved from 51.05% to 73.30%, yielding a gain of 22.25 pp and a 44.08% relative gain. The effectiveness of the AI-based platform was statistically supported: Welch’s t-test on gain scores indicated a significant group difference (t=5.397, df=20.0, p<0.001), with a very large effect size (Cohen’s d=2.30) and a 95% CI for the mean gain difference of Δ=[6.30, 14.23] pp. A baseline-adjusted ANCOVA (post-test as the dependent variable, group as the factor, pre-test as the covariate) confirmed a significant group effect (F=26.323, df1=1, df2=19, p=0.0001) with substantial explained variance (partial η²=0.581). Overall, the findings demonstrate that AI-driven personalization can substantially increase learning gains and strengthen the stability of outcomes in distance learning environments.

This article explores the strategic dimensions of the development of interstate economic relations between Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to comprehensively analyze the strategic aspects of the development of interstate economic relations between Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in order to assess the potential for expanding foreign economic cooperation, diversifying trade ties and developing practical recommendations for their further strengthening in the context of global economic transformations. It analyzes economic processes in the postSoviet period and identifies priority areas for the modernization and structural transformation of national economies as independent states. The study assesses the potential to expand foreign economic relations and diversify foreign trade turnover between the two fraternal countries. It presents the commodity composition of exports and imports and highlights the importance of increasing the range and volume of high-tech and competitive products. The article emphasizes the significance of projects to develop modern green energy infrastructure and to leverage joint potential in this sector to further enhance exports to Europe. Special attention is given to the considerable opportunities to increase cargo transportation between Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan by efficiently utilizing the global transport and logistics corridor — the Middle Corridor (Trans-Caspian route) — which links Europe and Asia. The attractiveness of global transport routes is analyzed, and active, joint participation of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in this sphere is recommended. The article also examines the characteristics of interstate relations between the two countries and the state policy measures to establish an investment fund aimed at improving the investment climate for economic and business entities in both nations. Furthermore, the necessity of intensifying trade and economic cooperation and ensuring favorable conditions for the effective functioning of foreign trade participants is highlighted. Finally, the article provides recommendations to enhance and develop interstate trade and economic relations between Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in contemporary conditions.

National governments increasingly treat artificial intelligence (AI) skills as both an education reform priority and an innovation-policy instrument. The purpose of the article is to analyse and evaluate the AI Sana program as a comprehensive policy mix in the field of AI skills development in the higher education system of Kazakhstan. This paper develops a document-based case study of Kazakhstan’s AI‑Sana program, launched in late 2024 as a staged pipeline intended to move learners from foundational AI literacy to mentored projects and, for a smaller subset, startup acceleration. Using program reference materials provided by the authors and triangulating them with open-access government communications, reputable reporting, and official descriptions of comparable international initiatives, we reconstruct AI‑Sana’s policy architecture and argue that it should be analysed as a policy mix rather than a single training intervention. The mix bundles (i) mandate-backed curricular mainstreaming, (ii) platform partnerships and localised micro‑credentials, (iii) implementation capacity via regional “anchor” universities, (iv) innovation-funnel instruments linking projects to commercialisation, and (v) enabling infrastructure through national compute investments. The analysis also highlights measurement challenges typical of fast-scaling initiatives, especially the conflation of certificates, unique learners, and competency gains and treats reporting variance as an analytic finding. Building on micro‑credential governance scholarship, digital education governance research, and responsible generative AI guidance, we propose an evaluation blueprint with a minimum reporting standard and stage-aligned indicators that can support international comparability. Kazakhstan is globally informative because it combines system-wide higher-education delivery with explicit innovation translation and compute infrastructure, illuminating how national AI strategies can be operationalised through universities while raising acute questions about quality assurance, integrity, and platform dependence.

Egg production holds a unique position in the market due to its high economic efficiency. The key advantages include a short production cycle, high productivity, minimal feed costs, environmental sustainability, and proximity to major markets. These factors help keep egg prices affordable and drive annual consumption growth. The study aims to analyze the long-term development features of the global egg market and assess the export potential of domestic production by systematizing the factors and risks that negatively affect the industry's development, and then proposing regulatory measures. The study's outcome is an analysis of the main trends and growth directions in the global egg market, along with an examination of the key factors hindering industry development. One of the key areas of analysis is the study of egg supply geography and the long-term price dynamics. This allows identifying promising regions for increasing production and consumption. To support a favorable forecast for the further development of the egg market as a strategically important segment for food security, appropriate measures must be taken. By addressing barriers, Kazakhstan can enhance the export potential of its egg products and become a competitive player in the international market.

In the context of persistent income inequality in the Republic of Kazakhstan, assessing the effectiveness of public redistribution mechanisms becomes increasingly important. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the impact of social budget expenditures and quasi-public financing on income inequality indicators. The empirical basis of the study relies on official data from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Bureau of National Statistics, and the Damu Entrepreneurship Development Fund for the period 2020–2024. The methodology includes a combination of index, correlation, and comparative analysis, as well as the calculation of income differentiation indicators (Gini coefficient, decile and quintile gaps, and decile ratio).

 The results indicate that a sustained reduction in income inequality does not accompany the growth of social expenditures and quasi-public financing. A weak relationship between social expenditures and inequality indicators is observed, while quasi-public instruments demonstrate a limited effect on improving the income position of lower-income groups. At the same time, a strong correlation between budgetary and quasi-public financial flows is identified, which does not translate into an effective redistributive outcome. The findings suggest that the key limitation lies not in the volume of public support, but in its structure, targeting, and institutional design. The scientific contribution of the study consists in the integrated assessment of budgetary and quasi-public financing as interconnected channels influencing income distribution, and in identifying structural constraints that limit their redistributive effectiveness.

This article examines the relationship between household debt burden and sustainable consumption, with an emphasis on the environmental consequences of debt-driven consumer behavior. As household debt levels increase worldwide, consumers often prioritize cost over sustainability, leading to choices that may run counter to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production. Using bibliometric analysis, this study maps the academic landscape focused on household debt and sustainable consumption, identifying research trends and existing gaps in the literature. The purpose of the study is to identify and scientifically substantiate the relationship between household debt burden and sustainable consumption, as well as to assess the impact of financial debt on environmentally oriented consumer behavior based on a bibliometric analysis of scientific literature in order to identify key trends, research gaps and develop recommendations for policy formation that ensures a balance between household financial stability and the achievement of goals. sustainable development. The results of the study show that the debt burden of the household sector largely causes unstable consumer behavior due to financial pressures that limit consumers' ability and ability to make environmentally conscious choices. At the same time, this list can be expanded with such characteristics as culture and education. The analysis highlights the growing body of research on the impact of debt on consumption. Nevertheless, the study examining the intersection of the debt burden of the household sector and sustainable consumption by this sector is insufficiently covered in the scientific community in Central Asia and in the research environment of Kazakhstan. The results of the study highlight the need for policies that balance financial stability and environmental objectives.

This article examines the potential of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the electric power industry in the context of Smart Grid development. The study aims to quantify the economic and environmental effectiveness of implementing IoT solutions, as well as to analyze their social impact on improving electricity supply reliability, reducing operating costs, and integrating renewable energy sources (RES). The study focuses on medium- and low-voltage distribution networks, including smart meters (AMI), feeder sensors, fault-level information recovery (FLISR) systems, and demand response (DR) services. The study methodology is based on performance assessment models (NPV, IRR, TCO, payback period), difference-in-differences, and the IPMVP Option C standard for measurement verification. ISO 14064-1 and GHG Protocol emissions calculations were used to assess the environmental impact. A numerical example is provided for a medium-sized distribution company with 50,000 smart meters. The study's results demonstrate that IoT implementation can achieve a cumulative economic benefit of over 600 million tenge per year for a base of 300,000 consumers, improve electricity supply reliability, and enhance customer service. The environmental impact is reflected in a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions, while the social impact includes shorter outage durations, increased metering transparency, and increased end-user trust. The practical significance of this study lies in developing a reproducible assessment model applicable to investment planning, tariff regulation, and ESG reporting. Thus, IoT-based network digitalization confirms its economic and environmental feasibility and should be considered a strategic direction for the long-term modernization of the electric power sector.

For Kazakhstan – a country with high resource dependence and a significant role of the state in redistribution processes – the effectiveness of fiscal and social instruments is a particularly relevant issue. Despite a gradual decline in the Gini coefficient since the early 2000s, the level of intergroup income differentiation remains higher than in Eastern European and OECD countries. This indicates the limited effectiveness of existing redistribution mechanisms and the need to develop more comprehensive tools for assessing their performance.

In this context, the article substantiates a methodological approach to measuring the efficiency of income redistribution mechanisms in Kazakhstan. The integral index developed within the study makes it possible to assess how effectively the country’s fiscal system achieves the key goals of social policy: reducing inequality, alleviating poverty, ensuring broad and well-targeted coverage of vulnerable groups, and imposing a fair tax burden on higher-income households. The use of an integral assessment provides a holistic understanding of the performance of redistribution mechanisms and allows policymakers to adjust strategies more precisely, focusing efforts where the potential for efficiency gains is greatest.

The scientific significance of the study lies in the formalization of distributional effects within a unified and reproducible analytical framework, suitable for regional and temporal comparisons. A key limitation of the proposed index stems from the fact that official statistics in Kazakhstan are primarily based on disposable income, while pre-redistribution income estimates are published only experimentally. This highlights the need for institutionalization of paired indicators and broader access to anonymized household microdata. To address this issue, the paper proposes recommendations for improving household surveys and standardizing income definitions. Implementing these recommendations will create a solid institutional foundation for an objective assessment of Kazakhstan’s redistribution policy, its social outcomes, and its impact on reducing inequality and poverty while expanding coverage and ensuring better targeting of social support.

The relevance of the topic is beyond doubt. Thus, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of entrepreneurial structures in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as this sector plays an important role in creating jobs, diversifying the country's economy and increasing its sustainability. The Abai region, which was recently formed, requires special attention to study. It is known that the region has historically had significant irregularities in the economic and cultural development of various regions. The study of business structures in the field of Abai allows us to identify potential growth points, as well as problems that need to be solved and prospects for its development. This makes this study important for developing strategies for the regional development of the region. In the context of the transformation of the regional economy, it is important to take into account the specifics of the region in order to create favorable conditions for business development and attracting investments. This article analyzes the current state of the business sector in the field of Abaya. The main focus is on analyzing the dynamics of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as identifying factors affecting their effectiveness and sustainability. The purpose of the article is to examine in detail the current state of entrepreneurial activity in the Abai region, the opportunities and threats faced by entrepreneurs, as well as to provide recommendations and a management model that can contribute to a more sustainable and efficient development of the region. The study analyzes the current state and development of business structures in the Abai region, as well as identifies key trends in their development.

In the current context, the development of Eurasian economic corridors is becoming an important driver of spatial and socio-economic growth. Owing to its advantageous geographical location and developed infrastructure, Kazakhstan plays a key role in shaping new transport and logistics routes between Europe and Asia. Amid the restructuring of global supply chains and the intensifying competition for transit flows, the development of initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (Middle Corridor), and TRACECA is of particular importance. The purpose of this article is to analyze Kazakhstan’s role in the system of Eurasian economic corridors and to assess the dynamics of the country’s transport and logistics potential between 2020 and 2024. The study employs methods of system and comparative analysis, as well as the synthesis of statistical data. The analysis shows that the volume of transit traffic through Kazakhstan's territory has been steadily increasing, and the country’s significance as a regional logistics hub has been strengthening. Between 2020 and 2024, the share of transportation along the TransCaspian route increased by more than 4 times, underscoring Kazakhstan's growing role in ensuring Eurasian connectivity. Despite this positive trend, infrastructure and institutional constraints remain, necessitating further improvements to transport policy and deeper international cooperation.

In the context of creative economy, where ideas, creativity, and cultural products become the main driving forces, the connection between culture and intellectual potential takes on particular significance. Cultural expressions and traditions serve as sources of inspiration for innovation, and supporting creative diversity enhances the intellectual component of national capital. This article analyses the main trends and indicators of cultural industry development in Kazakhstan (museums, theatres, libraries, cinema, concert and cultural and leisure organisations) for the years 2020-2024. The aim is to assess the role of these industries in shaping the country's intellectual potential and determine their relationship to the creative economy. The article examines cultural industries as a catalyst for intellectual potential in Kazakhstan's creative economy. It emphasizes the importance of cultural institutions such as museums, theaters, libraries, and the film industry in their role in expanding knowledge, raising awareness, and developing the creative potential of citizens. The author analyses statistical data showing growth in the number of cultural events, visitors, and institutions offering innovative formats, such as digital libraries and creative industries. The article also explores government support measures, the contributions of various projects, and initiatives aimed at strengthening society's intellectual potential through cultural and educational initiatives. These efforts are said to contribute to the formation of an active, critically minded civil society, which is key to sustainable economic and social progress. The research findings prove the connection between culture and intellectual potential. By reviewing other scholars' research and based on the opinion that the structure of intellectual potential needs to be approached more broadly and differentiated, it was concluded that the formation of intellectual potential is not only related to scientific and technological achievements but also to the diversity and richness of cultural heritage.

The article examines the impact of digitalization on enterprise competitiveness in the digital economy, focusing on the relationship among the level of digital technology implementation, the effectiveness of business processes, and enterprises' ability to adapt to modern market conditions. The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between the level of digital activity of organizations, in particular, the share of enterprises that carry out online orders and receive orders via the Internet, and their competitive advantages. The study uses analytical, statistical, and economicmathematical methods, including correlation analysis, calculation of average annual growth rates, and regression modeling. The results of the analysis confirmed the existence of a strong direct relationship between digital indicators – an increase in the share of organizations making online orders by 1% leads, on average, to an increase in the share of organizations receiving online orders by 2.122%, indicating the multiplicative effect of digitalization. Digital technologies contribute to productivity growth, cost reduction, increased process transparency, and improved customer interactions, which together enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. The study's conclusions emphasize that digitalization is a systemic factor in the development of the national economy, forming new mechanisms for competitive advantage and creating conditions for sustainable growth, innovation, and Kazakhstan's integration into the global digital ecosystem.

Despite the large-scale implementation of state mortgage programs in Kazakhstan, the academic literature still lacks a formalized quantitative assessment of their overall social impact viewed as a portfolio of socially oriented projects that simultaneously incorporates macroeconomic conditions, housing affordability parameters, and the institutional role of key operators. Existing studies are mainly confined to separate indicators (interest rates, housing prices, HAI, lending volumes) and therefore do not allow a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of project-based governance in the housing policy domain. The purpose of the article is to develop and test an integral index of the social effect of mortgage programs (ISEH). as a tool for quantifying the effectiveness of public housing policy, considered as a portfolio of interrelated projects, as well as to determine the impact of macroeconomic, price and institutional factors on housing affordability and social efficiency of mortgage lending in Kazakhstan. This study addresses this gap by developing and empirically testing an Integral Social Effect Index for mortgage programs interpreted as an interconnected set of projects within the framework of state housing policy. The index combines real household income, housing prices, mortgage interest rates, the share of non-performing loans, housing provision per capita, and an institutional component represented by the market share of Otbasy Bank as a development institution and project operator. The results indicate that the social outcomes of mortgage projects are primarily driven by income levels and housing price dynamics, while institutional coordination performed by Otbasy Bank also exerts a statistically significant influence, reflecting its systemically important and countercyclical role in managing the portfolio of housing projects. The observed convergence of ISEH values across regions confirms the effectiveness of centralized project management in reducing territorial disparities in housing access and in strengthening the sustainability of the social impact of state mortgage programs.

The object of this article's research is the conceptual model of the Triple Helix by Itzkovich and Leydesdorff, which examines the interaction among universities, business, and government and situates it in the context of digital transformation and the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI). In this regard, the study aimed to analyze and evaluate the manifestation of sustainability within the classical "triple helix" in the context of the digital transformation of the economy and the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI). The dynamics of innovative development in the 21st century have shown that evolutionary shifts are taking place in economic thought regarding the role of the “triple helix” concept in the digital economy and the acceptability of its criteria for modeling in multi-level ecosystems. It proposes a digital economy that is acceptable in these conditions. conceptual interpretation of the model Triple Helix, creating a foundation for sustainable technological progress. The study proposes an expanded Triple Helix 2.0 model that accounts for the impact of digitalization and AI as catalysts for the innovation process, accelerating interactions among key actors in the innovation ecosystem. Particular attention is paid to the application of this model in Kazakhstan and to its adaptation to the conditions of the digital economy, as well as to identifying challenges, such as the insufficient development of venture capital and problems with technology transfer. The integration of digital technologies and AI is expected to improve the effectiveness of trilateral interactions, creating conditions for the formation of sustainable innovation clusters. The article explores the possibilities of implementing AI to accelerate innovative development in Kazakhstan. The work includes an analysis of international experience with the Triple Helix model and its adaptation in countries with developed and developing economies. It emphasizes that for the successful implementation of the Triple Helix 2.0 model, Kazakhstan will need to create sustainable innovation clusters, develop scientific and educational infrastructure, and strengthen the state's role in creating conditions for innovative growth. In conclusion, the integration of digital technologies and AI is a key element in creating adaptive, sustainable innovation ecosystems that foster economic and social progress.

The relevance of the study stems from the impact of the digital transformation of the economy, which increases the risks to financial security by altering the mechanisms for the formation of financial resources at the regional level. The article discusses the conceptual foundations for ensuring the region's financial security in the context of the digital transformation of the economy. The purpose of the study is to substantiate conceptual approaches to the formation of the region's financial security in the context of digitalization. The object of the study is the regional financial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan; the subject is the mechanisms for ensuring the region's financial security in the context of the digital economy. The study used methods of systematic and comparative analysis, as well as generalization and structuring of statistical data. In the course of the study, the main conceptual elements of the region's financial security were systematized, including institutional, technological, financial, economic, personnel, and social components. Based on analysis of the dynamics in the number of organizations with internet resources by region, a structural shift in digital business activity toward cities of national significance was identified, and regions at high risk of reducing financial stability were identified. The need for an integrated approach to ensuring the financial security of the regions is justified, given the specifics of regional development. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the development of conceptual approaches to the analysis of the region's financial security; the practical significance is that the results obtained are used to assess the region's financial stability and to justify the economic mechanisms of digital development.

The relevance of scientific research in the field of industrial policy studies is determined by the need to develop new reform-oriented proposals aimed at increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the studied sector, as well as creating new conditions capable of supporting such efficiency, which ultimately contributes to sustainable development.

The purpose of this scientific article is to conduct a detailed study of industrial policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, covering both theoretical and practical aspects. This allows for the consideration of new conceptual approaches and ways to improve and develop the studied sector. The study employs various methodological approaches that help reveal the problem from both theoretical and practical perspectives. These methods include the theoretical and methodological approach, the functional methodological approach, the method of analysis, the comparative analysis method, the analysis of scientific literature, the dialectical methodological approach, and the method of synthesis.

The application of all the above approaches in scientific research enabled the authors to achieve the stated objectives, particularly to reveal the essence of the concepts of “industrial policy” and “innovation activity” and to identify their characteristics and principles, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the mechanisms of this sector. Furthermore, the research enabled analysis of the practical implementation of industrial policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan and a comparative analysis of this experience with that of foreign countries. Ultimately, the study of these factors enabled the identification of key directions for improving the industrial sector. As a result of the research, methods to increase the efficiency of the Republic of Kazakhstan's industrial policy will be identified, characterized by sustainability and active development.

Business tourism is one of the most dynamically developing segments of the modern tourism industry and plays an important role in the socio-economic development of states. Hosting international conferences, forums, exhibitions, and corporate events contributes to the development of business ties, the exchange of knowledge and technologies, and also stimulates the development of urban infrastructure and the service sector. A distinctive feature of business tourism is a higher level of tourist expenditure and a significant multiplier effect that extends to related sectors of the economy. This article examines the influence of innovative management methods on the development of business tourism and its economic effect for host destinations. The purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of innovative management methods on the development of business tourism, assess their economic effectiveness for the host territories and substantiate the importance of digital technologies and modern management tools in increasing the competitiveness and sustainable development of the MICE industry. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the digitalization of event management, the introduction of CRM systems, event management platforms, demand analytics tools, and modern service quality management methods. Based on the analysis of international practice and statistical data, the economic results of implementing innovative management solutions in the MICE industry (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) are assessed. The results of the study show that the use of innovative management methods contributes to an increase in the number of business events, higher spending by business tourists, lower operating costs, and a stronger multiplier effect on the economy. The findings confirm that innovative management is an important factor in increasing the competitiveness of tourist destinations and ensuring the sustainable development of business tourism.

The article examines the sectoral structure of employment for people with disabilities and the gender gap in labor activity and employment at the regional level, using the example of the Atyrau region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Theoretical approaches to the analysis of employment among people with disabilities, methodological tools for measuring gender differences (descriptive statistics and regression analysis), as well as the features of the region's socio‑economic profile that affect the availability of jobs for people with disabilities, are considered. Based on the analysis, practical recommendations are proposed to increase labor market inclusiveness in the Atyrau region. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively investigate the sectoral profile of employment of people with disabilities in the Atyrau region and identify the extent, causes, and mechanisms of the gender gap in the regional labor market in order to develop practically sound recommendations for increasing the inclusivity of employment. To achieve this goal, the economic and sectoral structure of the Atyrau region is characterized, and the sectors that form the main demand for labor, gender differences in labor activity, employment, and income among people with disabilities are identified, and the industries with the most pronounced gender gap are identified. Recommendations are provided to authorities, employment services, and employers on the development of retraining programs, job adaptation, and the promotion of inclusive hiring in the region.

In the context of economic digitalization and the growing integration of intelligent technologies into industrial production, the legal regulation of artificial intelligence is gaining increasing importance. Industrial development directly affects the economic sustainability of a state and its technological competitiveness, while the implementation of intelligent engineering solutions contributes to improving production efficiency, reducing equipment downtime, and enhancing product quality. At the same time, the use of artificial intelligence in industry gives rise to legal risks related to information security, the allocation of legal liability, and data protection. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal support for the use of artificial intelligence in the industry of Kazakhstan and to develop proposals for improving national legislation. This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of artificial intelligence in industrial production in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to develop proposals for improving national legislation based on international experience, including the practice of the United States. The relevance of this study stems from the need to establish a balanced legal framework that supports technological innovation while ensuring the protection of public interests in the industrial sector. The research employs formal-legal, comparative-legal, and systemic methods, as well as an analysis of practical experience in implementing engineering solutions with elements of artificial intelligence in U.S. industrial companies. The use of empirical material obtained through the professional activity of one of the authors made it possible to identify key features of legal support for artificial intelligence in highly automated production environments.

The article analyzes problems and directions for improving the legal regulation of the institution of mediation in international law. The authors examine existing international legal norms governing mediation activities and identify current regulatory shortcomings that hinder the effective application of mediation mechanisms. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state of legal regulation of mediation in international law, to identify key problems of its normative framework and practical implementation, and to substantiate the need for improving international legal mechanisms of mediation in light of contemporary challenges to international security and the development of international relations. Special attention is paid to modern trends in the development of mediation in international relations and the practice of international organizations. Based on the analysis, the article proposes directions for improving legal regulation, including the development of a new universal international treaty on mediation. The expected results include identifying gaps and contradictions in existing international legal norms regulating mediation; systematizing contemporary trends in the development of mediation and conciliation in international practice; substantiating the feasibility of adopting a universal international mediation treaty; and formulating proposals for the institutionalization of mediation within international organizations. This includes establishing specialized international mediation platforms (mediation hubs) to enhance the effectiveness of the peaceful settlement of international conflicts and reduce global risks, including nuclear threats. The article also analyzes the growing trend toward the institutionalization of mediation within international organizations. It substantiates the creation of specialized international platforms for the comprehensive resolution of international conflicts, including the mitigation of nuclear risks.

The article examines the legal regulation of subsurface use, including the exploration and production of nonferrous and rare-earth metals. With the development of high technologies, the importance of non-ferrous and rare earth metals has increased. They are used in mechanical engineering, instrument engineering, the chemical industry, and the production of various other goods. The leading countries of the world compete in the field of control over deposits of non-ferrous and rare-earth metals, their extraction, and their use. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the legal regulation in the field of subsurface use, including exploration and production of non-ferrous and rare earth metals, to identify existing problems and develop proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan aimed at protecting national interests, rational use of natural resources, and ensuring environmental safety. Countries with large deposits of non-ferrous and rare-earth metals strive to protect their national interests and to make rational, maximum use of their natural resources. Exploration and production of non-ferrous and rare-earth metals are associated with the need to ensure environmental protection, the rational use of minerals, and the use of safe mining methods. To this end, the state establishes licensed and contractual production regimes and controls compliance with legislation in the fields of subsoil use, environmental protection, and industrial safety. The legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of mining needs additional legal mechanisms to protect national interests and national heritage. This may include fair taxation of all mining companies, participation of subsurface users in infrastructure and social projects, development of the processing industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Republic's independent extraction and use of minerals. State and legal regulation of subsoil use should be fairer and better aligned with the interests of the people.

The article examines the impact of the population's educational level on the formation of human capital and economic growth. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the international legal regulation of the protection of civilians in armed conflict based on the provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I in order to identify the specifics of the legal status of protected persons and substantiate ways to improve the mechanisms of international control over compliance with international humanitarian law. The relevance of the research stems from the need to increase the efficiency of human capital use in the modern knowledge economy. The work aims to quantify the relationship between the population's educational characteristics and key macroeconomic indicators. The object of the study is human capital in the national economic system; the subject is the influence of the level of education (the proportion of the population with higher education, the average duration of education, the quality of educational institutions) on its added value, labor productivity, and economic growth. The paper examines the lack of understanding of the quantitative relationships between the qualitative characteristics of education and their economic effects. The methodological basis of the research consists of correlation and regression analysis, as well as comparative analysis of statistical data. The tools used enable the identification of the degree and nature of the influence of educational factors on economic development. The results of the conducted research can serve as the basis for research using panel data by region, as well as for an in-depth study of the impact of investments and technologies on human capital. As a result of the study, it was found that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between education level and labor productivity, as well as between human capital and economic growth. It has been shown that improving the quality of education and increasing the duration of training contribute to the growth of the added value of human capital.

Conflict of interest in the civil service threatens both the effectiveness of public administration and public trust in state institutions. In Kazakhstan, where institutional reforms are being implemented, this issue is viewed as a strategic challenge. While conflict of interest is a precursor to corruption, it simultaneously creates “grey zones” in the functioning of public authorities. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of conflict-of-interest management in Kazakhstan, analyze international experiences, and propose effective prevention methods. The methodology includes a comparative analysis of UN, OECD, and TI practices, 29 expert interviews, and a sociological survey of 10,255 civil servants. Regression and correlation analysis were applied to process the empirical data. The results demonstrate that the risk of conflict of interest increases due to weak institutional mechanisms, conceptual ambiguities, and insufficient training programs. Updating definitions, improving declaration practices, and strengthening institutional accountability are embedded within the systemic “4-D approach” (Definition, Drilling, Declaration, Due diligence). The findings confirm the need to shift from a purely formal-normative approach to a values-based approach. This transition will enhance the resilience of institutions and the effectiveness of anti-corruption policy in Kazakhstan.

The article analyzes the United Nations Principles on Effective Interviewing, developed under the auspices of the UN Special Rapporteur on torture, Juan Méndez (the so-called Méndez Principles), and examines their potential to strengthen legal safeguards in the Republic of Kazakhstan's criminal justice system. The articles are concluded in a comprehensive analysis of the principles of Oon for effective performance ("Mendes principles") and their potential for improving the law guarantees in the final process of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of comparative-legal research of the international experience with development practice recommendations for their adaptation and introduction into the national law system. The study explores the conceptual foundations of these principles, which are based on a scientifically grounded, ethically neutral, and human rights–oriented interviewing model aimed at obtaining reliable information without coercion.

Based on a comparative legal analysis of Poland and Lithuania, the article identifies key outcomes of implementing the Méndez Principles, including a reduction in complaints about the use of violence, increased public trust in law enforcement agencies, and improved admissibility of evidence. The study substantiates the need to adapt these principles to the Kazakhstani legal system, which entails mandatory video recording of all interviews, modernizing training programs for investigators by introducing cognitive interviewing techniques, and strengthening public and institutional oversight of investigative activities.

The authors conclude that the implementation of the Méndez Principles can ensure a balance between the objectives of crime detection and the protection of individual rights, and enhance the efficiency and transparency of criminal proceedings. The adoption of these principles is viewed as an important step toward the formation of a new paradigm of criminal justice in Kazakhstan, grounded in the presumption of innocence, respect for human dignity, and the rule of law.

This study represents one of the first comprehensive attempts to analyze the participation of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan in foreign armed conflicts from the standpoint of criminal law and forensic science. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive criminal law and criminalistic analysis of the participation of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan in foreign armed conflicts, identification of gaps and problems of legal regulation and law enforcement practice, as well as the development of scientifically sound proposals to improve Article 172 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and improve the effectiveness of the investigation and evidence of these crimes. The paper highlights legislative gaps, challenges in proving intent and motivation, and issues arising in investigations and judicial proceedings under Article 172 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. New approaches are proposed for legal classification, evidence collection, and cooperation between law enforcement agencies and international institutions. In addition, a comparative legal analysis of foreign practices is conducted, which serves as the basis for proposals to improve national legislation. As a result of the research, criminal law and forensic challenges were identified in the classification, investigation, and proof of citizens’ participation in foreign armed conflicts. The study reveals ambiguities and gaps in the legal regulation, insufficient clarity in the elements of the crime defined in Article 172 of the Criminal Code, and difficulties in investigative and judicial practice when establishing intent and other subjective elements of such acts. The article formulates concrete recommendations to improve the criminal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, particularly regarding clarifying the wording of Article 172, and provides practical guidance on the application of legal norms governing liability for participation in armed conflicts outside the country.

The article examines issues related to improving the organizational, legal, and institutional framework for customs authorities' activities in the context of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s participation in the Eurasian Economic Union. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the directions of improving the organizational, legal and institutional framework of the customs authorities of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of participation in the Eurasian Economic Union, to identify existing imbalances in their functional and evaluation system, as well as to develop proposals to improve the effectiveness of fiscal and control functions, taking into account digitalization and interaction with participants in foreign economic activity. Currently, national legislation defines customs authorities as state revenue bodies within their respective areas of competence, which has led to a shift in their operational focus and a narrowing of their powers. This, in turn, reduces their capacity to effectively perform key functions related to ensuring the country’s economic and national security. In this regard, the authors emphasize the need to improve the institutional performance of the state revenue authorities of the Republic of Kazakhstan to enhance the effectiveness of the fiscal and control functions of customs authorities.

The research employs an integrated methodological approach, combining legal and comparative analysis with international benchmarking indicators and empirical data from a survey of participants in foreign economic activity. The findings reveal a structural imbalance in the existing performance evaluation system for customs authorities in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is largely oriented toward fiscal outcomes while insufficiently reflecting control functions, service quality, and engagement with the business community. In addition, the study identifies several technical and organizational deficiencies in the customs administration's digital infrastructure that negatively affect the efficiency and reliability of customs services.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of issues related to the administrative responsibility of migrants in the Republic of Kazakhstan, with an emphasis on the current provisions of the legislation and the specifics of law enforcement practice. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively examine and differentiate the institution of administrative responsibility in the field of migration, identify its problematic aspects, compare it with international practice, and develop specific recommendations to improve it. The authors analyze the legislative norms governing administrative offenses committed by foreign citizens and stateless persons, as well as the practice of their application and compliance with international standards. Judicial practice and statistical data on articles 492, 517, 518, and 519 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Republic of Kazakhstan are used as the basis. A comparative legal analysis is also carried out, taking into account the experience of Germany, France, the USA, Canada, and the Russian Federation. The article considers the excessive severity of sanctions, insufficient individualization of liability measures, the formal nature of administrative procedures, limited availability of professional legal assistance and translation services, disregard for humanitarian factors, and issues related to administrative expulsion from the country as key problems. In addition, the authors formulate proposals to improve legal mechanisms to clarify legislative formulations, taking into account mitigating circumstances, protect the rights of vulnerable categories of migrants, improve the effectiveness of legal aid, digitalize migration procedures, and ensure a balance between the interests of the state and the rights of migrants. According to the authors, migration policy should comply with international human rights principles. The present study focuses on humanizing the system of administrative responsibility and increasing its fairness.

The article reveals the key aspects and results of the research conducted to investigate problems in the investigation of drug offense cases. The main objective is to analyze the systemic problems arising at various stages of investigation of the criminal offenses in question and to develop recommendations for their resolution. The study revealed several major problems: violations of criminal procedural legislation during searches, errors in the execution of procedural documents, and untimely receipt of forensic examination results, which often lead to the inadmissibility of evidence and, as a consequence, to the termination of investigations. Particular attention is paid to the need to integrate modern technologies and strengthen control over compliance with pre-trial proceedings, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of investigative bodies. The authors emphasize the development of the professional skills of investigation staff, including training in new techniques and strengthening legal training. These measures will help significantly improve the quality and efficiency of investigations, minimize errors, and promote better compliance with procedures, strengthening public confidence in justice. The theoretical significance of the work lies in systematizing the problems of criminal procedure and proposing scientifically based solutions. The practical significance of the study is manifested in the possibility of applying the results to optimize the investigation of drug crimes, thereby strengthening the rule of law and increasing confidence in the Republic of Kazakhstan's law enforcement system.

The article examines the role of norms governing economic mechanisms for environmental protection and natural resource management within the legal system. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the norms governing economic mechanisms in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. It examines the essence of these norms, their structure, and issues related to legal organization and implementation in this field. The theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding these norms are analyzed in the context of Kazakhstan's transition to a green economy. The paper highlights key elements, principles, and the system of legal interpretation of norms related to the economic regulation of environmental protection and natural resource management. It also presents an analysis of the origins and main trends in understanding the role of these norms within the legal system, as well as a legal analysis of current legislation concerning their concepts and significance. Legal mechanisms related to the norms of economic regulation of environmental protection and natural resource management are discussed. As a result of the study, key theoretical propositions and recommendations for improving the Republic of Kazakhstan's existing environmental legislation and developing the theory of environmental law are formulated.

The article examines global trends in reforming the pre-contractual duty of disclosure in insurance law. The primary goal of the research is to develop practical recommendations for Kazakhstan based on a comparative analysis of legislative innovations in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the European Union. International experience reveals a clear trend focused on protecting policyholders: a shift towards an insurer inquiry-based model that transfers the disclosure burden from the consumer, and a move towards a system of proportional warranties and counterparty duties. The purpose of the article is to develop practical recommendations on improving the insurance legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, aimed at increasing market transparency, strengthening the protection of policyholders and bringing the national legal system in line with international standards, based on a comparative analysis of international approaches to information disclosure prior to the conclusion of an insurance contract. Based on this analysis, four main directions are proposed for Kazakhstan to elevate its insurance market to international standards: simplification and clarification of disclosure rules; introduction of separate legal regimes for consumer and commercial insurance; strengthening the insurer's information duties, including the duty to explain and warn; and the systematization (codification) of legislation into a single code. The active role of the regulator in implementing the reform is particularly emphasized. The proposed measures will contribute to strengthening mutual trust in the insurance market, increasing transaction transparency, and effectively protecting consumer rights. By improving risk management, this transformation can enhance market stability, create favorable conditions for foreign investment, and harmonize national legislation with global practice.

In the article, the authors explore the state's capabilities in cybersecurity issues directly related to foreign national security experience. The mechanisms of public administration will be considered in order to improve cybersecurity in the Republic of Kazakhstan by studying the scientific and theoretical foundations of international experience in cybersecurity, improving legislation, training and advanced training of cybersecurity specialists by improving the protection of personal data of users, websites of government agencies from cybersecurity. The purpose of the article is to identify and improve effective public administration mechanisms for ensuring cybersecurity in the Republic of Kazakhstan based on the study of international experience in the field of cybersecurity. The main directions allow us to quickly solve many tasks, taking into account international research in this field. The idea of scientific research is to study the basics of cybersecurity in order to create conditions for the development of special competencies, types of information threats, means and methods of combating cyber threats, protection of personal information, and the belief that cyber threats are a real threat. Description of the practical significance of the work in a scientific context. Assessment, analysis and systematization of the work carried out. Cybersecurity includes methods for preventing, detecting and responding to threats, ensuring the safety of confidential information in the event of dangerous collisions, and stable operation of the infrastructure. Cybersecurity is important for everyone, from individuals to large corporations, and is a study aimed at continuous improvement and adaptation to new threats. Understanding the basic principles and technologies of cybersecurity to effectively counter attacks and reduce risks. Hacker attacks and damage from them are growing rapidly every year. Cyber attacks are almost always associated with access to data for personal gain. The essence of the study is to take comprehensive measures, including organizational, legal, and technical components to reduce the likelihood of cyber threats in the Republic of Kazakhstan.