<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">asu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Атырауского университета имени Халела Досмухамедова</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Khalel Dosmukhamedov Atyrau University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-0197</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2790-332X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Атырауский университет имени Халела Досмухамедова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47649/vau.26.v81.i2.01</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">asu-2848</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ И АРХЕОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РОССИЙСКО-ТУРЕЦКОЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО В 1990-Е ГОДЫ ХХ ВЕКА: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ И ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RUSSİAN–TURKİSH ECONOMİC COOPERATİON İN THE 1990S: HİSTORİCAL ASPECTS AND MAİN DİRECTİONS OF DEVELOPMENT</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9149-4256</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гасанов</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hasanov</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юсифали Латиф оглу Гасанов – основной автор, доцент кафедры истории, географии и методологии, доктор философии по истории, </p><p>г.Сумгаит, AZ5000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yusifali Latif oglu Hasanov - correspondent author, associate professor of the Department of History, Geography and Methodology, Doctor of Philosophy in History,</p><p>Sumgayit</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yusifeli.hesenov@sdu.edu.az</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сумгаитский государственный университет</institution><country>Азербайджан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sumgayit State University</institution><country>Azerbaijan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>81</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гасанов Ю.Л., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гасанов Ю.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hasanov Y.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://asu.ejournal.kz/jour/article/view/2848">https://asu.ejournal.kz/jour/article/view/2848</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной статье рассматривается развитие межгосударственного экономического сотрудничества между Российской Федерацией и Турецкой Республикой в течение 10 лет после распада СССР в хронологическом порядке с учетом его историко-стратегических аспектов. Цель статьи – всесторонний анализ причин перестройки, расширения и диверсификации торговых отношений между двумя странами в 90-е годы XX века, несмотря на военно-политические, стратегические противоречия и колебания. В статье анализируются экономико-политические процессы в постсоветский период и рассматриваются причины проявления воли правительств Турции и России к «переходу от конкуренции к сотрудничеству» с середины 1990-х годов. Оценивается расширение экономического сотрудничества между двумя полярными странами, то есть сближение, вытекающее из экономических потребностей обеих сторон. В статье представлены общие объемы внешней торговли за 1992-2000 годы и отмечается непосредственное проявление недоверия между сторонами на фоне развития региональных и глобальных процессов. Также в указанной хронологической последовательности анализируются основные моменты, риски и угрозы в двусторонних экономических отношениях, а также перспективы дальнейшего развития отношений. В статье подчеркивается важность Организации экономического сотрудничества в Черноморском регионе. Затрагивается привлекательность новых закупок и продаж природного газа для обеих стран в энергетической торговле, и подчеркивается взаимный интерес России и Турции в этой области. В статье также описывается государственная политика, проводимая между двумя странами в направлении торговли, строительства и туризма. Кроме того, в качестве угроз двусторонним отношениям выделяются такие вопросы, как членство Турции в НАТО, политика США и Европейского союза в отношении новообразованных независимых государств, политика России на Кавказе, Ближнем и Среднем Востоке, а также план расширения НАТО на восток. В заключение статьи проводится сравнение экономического сотрудничества между Россией и Турцией в 1990-е годы с советской эпохой.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the development of interstate economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Türkiye during the ten years following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in chronological order and with due consideration of its historical and strategic aspects. The aim of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the restructuring, expansion, and diversification of trade relations between the two countries in the 1990s, despite military-political and strategic contradictions and fluctuations in bilateral relations. The article analyzes economic and political processes in the post-Soviet period and examines the reasons behind the willingness of the governments of Türkiye and Russia to “shift from competition to cooperation” from the mid-1990s onward. It assesses the expansion of economic cooperation between the two geopolitically contrasting countries, namely, the rapprochement resulting from the economic needs of both sides. The article presents the overall volume of foreign trade for 1992–2000 and highlights the direct manifestations of mutual distrust between the parties against the background of regional and global developments. Within the same chronological framework, the main stages, risks, and threats in bilateral economic relations, as well as the prospects for their further development, are analyzed. The article emphasizes the importance of the Organization of Black Sea Economic Cooperation. It addresses the attractiveness of new opportunities for the purchase and sale of natural gas for both countries in the field of energy trade and highlights the mutual interests of Russia and Türkiye in this area. The article also describes the state policies pursued by the two countries in the areas of trade, construction, and tourism. In addition, factors posing threats to bilateral relations are identified, including Türkiye’s NATO membership, the policies of the United States and the European Union toward the newly independent states, Russia’s policies in the Caucasus, the Middle East, and the Near East, as well as NATO’s eastward expansion plans. In conclusion, the article compares economic cooperation between Russia and Türkiye in the 1990s with that of the Soviet era.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Российская Федерация</kwd><kwd>Турецкая Республика</kwd><kwd>история двусторонних отношений</kwd><kwd>историческое развитие экономического сотрудничества</kwd><kwd>история торгово-экономических связей</kwd><kwd>историческая динамика экономических отношений</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russian Federation</kwd><kwd>Republic of Türkiye</kwd><kwd>history of bilateral relations</kwd><kwd>historical development of economic cooperation</kwd><kwd>history of trade and economic relations</kwd><kwd>historical dynamics of economic relations</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гасанов Ю. Л. К вопросу о сотрудничестве Турецкой Республики и Советской России в первой половине 20-х годов XX века // Современная научная мысль. – № 6. – 2022. – С. 210–217. – URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-sotrudnichestve-turetskoy-respubliki-i-sovetskoy-rossii-v-pervoypolovine-20-h-godov-xx-veka (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1 Gasanov Y. L. K voprosu o sotrudnichestve Turetskoj Respubliki i Sovetskoj Rossii v pervoj polovine 20-h godov XX veka [On the issue of cooperation between the Republic of Turkey and Soviet Russia in the first half of the 20s of the 20th century]. Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl' [Modern Scientific Thought], 2022, no. 6, P. 210–217. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-sotrudnichestve-turetskoy-respubliki-i-sovetskoy-rossii-v-pervoypolovine-20-h-godov-xx-veka (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гасанов Ю. Л. Экономическое сотрудничество между Турецкой Республикой и Советской Россией во второй половине 20-х годов XX века // Сборник научных трудов Телавского государственного университета им. Якова Гогебашвили. – 2023. – № 1 (36). – С. 23–30. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/tuw.2023.01.36.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2 Gasanov Y. L. Ekonomicheskoe sotrudnichestvo mezhdu Turetskoj Respublikoj i Sovetskoj Rossiej vo vtoroj polovine 20-h godov XX veka [Economic cooperation between the Turkish Republic and Soviet Russia in the second half of the 20s of the 20th century]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Telavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. Yakova Gogebashvili [Transactions of Telavi State University], 2023, no. 1 (36), P. 23–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/tuw.2023.01.36.03 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasanov Y. L. Economic cooperations between the Turkish Republic and the USSR in the 80s of the XX century // Journal of Open &amp; Historical Sciences of Colonialism. – No. 02. – 2025.– P. 15–28. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.70728/jopen.his.0225.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">3 Hasanov Y. L. Economic cooperations between the Turkish Republic and the USSR in the 80s of the XX century. Journal of Open &amp; Historical Sciences of Colonialism, 2025, no. 02, P. 15–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70728/jopen.his.0225.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ермекбаев А., Шотанова Г., Абжапарова Л. Взаимоотношения Турции и России в контексте энергетического партнерства // Central Asia and the Caucasus (Russian Edition). – 2019. – Т. 22, Вып. 3. – С. 38– 47. – URL: https://ca-c.org.ru/journal/2019/journal_rus/cac-03/03.shtml (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">4 Yermekbayev A., Shotanova G., Abzhaparova L. Vzaimootnosheniya Turtsii i Rossii v kontekste energeticheskogo partnerstva [Turkey-Russia relations in the context of energy partnership]. Central Asia and the Caucasus (Russian Edition), 2019, vol. 22, issue 3, P. 38–47. Available at: https://cac.org.ru/journal/2019/journal_rus/cac-03/03.shtml (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydın Y. Rusya’da İşgücü Piyasasında Temel Eğilimler ve Fiyat Uyumu // Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi. – 2020. – № 4. – S. 163–192. – URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/trad/article/837303 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">5 Aydın Y. Rusya’da Isgucu Piyasasinda Temel Egilimler ve Fiyat Uyumu [Main trends and price adjustments in the labor market in Russia]. Turkiye Rusya Arastirmalari Dergisi [Journal of Turkey Russia Studies], 2020, no. 4, P. 163–192. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/trad/article/837303 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Özbay F. Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Türkiye-Rusya İlişkileri: 1992-2010 // Bilge Strateji. – 2011. – Cilt 2, Sayı 4. – S. 35–77. – URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bs/article/51040 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">6 Özbay F. Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Türkiye-Rusya İlişkileri: 1992-2010 [Turkey-Russia relations in the post-cold war period: 1992-2010]. Bilge Strateji, 2011, vol. 2, no. 4, P. 35–77. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bs/article/51040 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulut R. SSCB’nin Dağılması ve Rusya Federasyonu’nda Serbest Piyasaya Geçiş // Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. – Vol. 1, No. 2. – 2014. – S. 18–29. – URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/231924 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">7 Bulut R. SSCB’nin Dagilmasi ve Rusya Federasyonun’da Serbest Piyasaya Gecis [Disintegration of the USSR and transition to liberal market in the Russian Federation]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2014, vol. 1, no. 2, P. 18–29. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/231924 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydın Y. Rusya Federasyonu ve Türkiye arasında dış ticaretin yapısı ve gelişimi // Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi (RUSAD). – 2021. – № 6. – S. 154–176. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1025492 – URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2088511 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">8 Aydın Y. Rusya Federasyonu ve Türkiye arasında dış ticaretin yapısı ve gelişimi [Structure and development of foreign trade between the Russian Federation and Turkey]. Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi (RUSAD) [Journal of Russia Studies], 2021, no. 6, pp. 154–176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1025492 Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2088511 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Götz R. Die russische Wirtschaft braucht keinen Kurswechsel, sondern die Fortentwicklung begonnener Reformen // Osteuropa. – 1997. – Jg. 47, H. 8. – S. 774–785. – URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294622288_Die_russische_wirtschaft_braucht_keinen_kurswechsel_sondern_die_fortentwicklung_begonnener_reformen (дата обращения: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">9 Götz R. Die russische Wirtschaft braucht keinen Kurswechsel, sondern die Fortentwicklung begonnener Reformen [Russian economy does not need a change of course, but the further development of started reforms]. Osteuropa, 1997, vol. 47, no. 8, P. 774–785. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294622288_Die_russische_wirtschaft_braucht_keinen_kurswechsel_sondern_die_fortentwicklung_begonnener_reformen (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In German).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Özel S., Uçar B. G. Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerinin Ekonomik Boyutu // EDAM Dış Politika &amp; Güvenlik Serisi. – İstanbul: Ekonomi ve Dış Politika Araştırma Merkezi. – No. 11. 2019.– 27 S. – URL: https://edam.org.tr/ekonomive-enerji/turkiye-rusya-iliskilerinin-ekonomik-boyutu (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">10 Özel S., Uçar B. G. Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerinin Ekonomik Boyutu [Economic dimension of Turkey-Russia relations]. EDAM Dış Politika &amp; Güvenlik Serisi, 2019, no. 11, 27 p. Available at: https://edam.org.tr/ekonomi-veenerji/turkiye-rusya-iliskilerinin-ekonomik-boyutu (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolobov O. A., Kornilov A. A., Özbay F. Çağdaş Türk-Rus İlişkileri: Sorunlar ve İşbirliği Alanları (1992- 2005) / Çev. E. Osmanov, V. İmanov, R. Memmedov. – İstanbul: TASAM Yayınları, 2006. – 344 s. – URL: https://yayinlar.tasam.org/kitap-asya/cagdas-turk-rus-iliskileri (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">11 Kolobov O. A., Kornilov A. A., Özbay F. Çağdaş Türk-Rus İlişkileri. Sorunlar ve İşbirliği Alanları (1992- 2005) [Contemporary Turkish-Russian relations. Problems and areas of cooperation (1992-2005)]. Trans. by E. Osmanov, V. Imanov, R. Mammedov. Istanbul: TASAM Yayınları Publ., 2006, 344 p. Available at: https://yayinlar.tasam.org/kitapasya/cagdas-turk-rus-iliskileri (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tellal E. Rusya ile İlişkiler // Türk Dış Politikası. Cilt II: 1980-2001 / der. B. Oran. – İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2009. – S. 546–580. – URL: https://iletisim.com.tr/kitap/turk-dis-politikasi-cilt-2-1980-2001/7558 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">12 Tellal E. Rusya ile İlişkiler [Relations with Russia]. Türk Dış Politikası. Cilt II: 1980-2001 [Turkish Foreign Policy. Vol. II: 1980-2001]. Ed. by B. Oran. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları Publ., 2009, P. 546–580. Available at: https://iletisim.com.tr/kitap/turk-dis-politikasi-cilt-2-1980-2001/7558 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarıaslan F. Türkiye’nin Rusya Federasyonu ile İlişkilerinde Ekonominin Rolü // Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi - Journal of Eurasian Inquiries. – 2019. – Cilt 8, Sayı 2. – S. 113–140. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.26650/iuavid.668288 – URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/913617 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">13 Sarıaslan F. Türkiye’nin Rusya Federasyonu ile İlişkilerinde Ekonominin Rolü [The role of economy in Turkey's relations with the Russian Federation]. Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi-Journal of Eurasian Inquiries, 2019, vol. 8, no. 2, P. 113–140. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuavid/article/668288 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yüzbaşıoğlu N. Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü 27 yaşında // Anadolu Ajansı. – 2019. – 24 Haziran. – URL: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/karadeniz-ekonomik-isbirligi-orgutu-27-yasinda/1514022 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">14 Yüzbaşıoğlu N. Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü 27 yaşında [Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization is 27 years old]. Anadolu Ajansı, June 24, 2019. Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/karadenizekonomik-isbirligi-orgutu-27-yasinda/1514022 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taşcı T. A. Türkiye-Rusya İlişkileri ve Üst Düzey İşbirliği Konseyi (ÜDİK) // KARE: Uluslararası Edebiyat, Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi. – 2019. – № 8. – S. 81–128. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.38072/2564-7415.2019.8.7 – URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/888560 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">15 Taşcı T. A. Türkiye-Rusya İlişkileri ve Üst Düzey İşbirliği Konseyi (ÜDİK) [Turkey-Russia relations and High Level Cooperation Council (HLCC)]. KARE: Uluslararası Edebiyat, Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 2019, no. 8, P. 81–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38072/2564-7415.2019.8.7 Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/888560 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yalçınkaya A. Kuruluşundan Günümüze Karadeniz Ekonomik İş Birliği Örgütü // Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi. – 2017. – Cilt 5, Özel Sayı. – S. 1–16. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.312211 – URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/312211 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">16 Yalçınkaya A. Kuruluşundan Günümüze Karadeniz Ekonomik İş Birliği Örgütü [Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization from Its Establishment to Present]. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 2017, vol. 5, special issue, P. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.312211 Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/312211 (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balta E., Özkan B. Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerine ‘Tarih’ ile Bakmak // Boğaziçi Üniversitesi TÜSİAD Dış Politika Forumu Araştırma Raporu. – İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2016. – Report No. DPF/2016. – 41 S. – URL: https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/9452-turkiye-rusya-iliskilerine-tarih-ile-bakmak (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">17 Balta E., Özkan B. Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerine ‘Tarih’ ile Bakmak [Looking at Turkey-Russia relations through 'History']. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi TÜSİAD Dış Politika Forumu Araştırma Raporu, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları Publ., 2016, report no. DPF/2016, 41 p. Available at: https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/9452-turkiyerusya-iliskilerine-tarih-ile-bakmak (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydın K., Bulut E., Öztığ L. İ. The Economic Impact of the Suitcase Trade on Foreign Trade: A Regional Analysis of the Laleli Market // International Business Research. – 2016. – Vol. 9, No. 10. – P. 122–134. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n10p122 – URL: https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/article/view/63050 (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">18 Aydın K., Bulut E., Öztığ L. İ. The Economic Impact of the Suitcase Trade on Foreign Trade: A Regional Analysis of the Laleli Market. International Business Research, 2016, vol. 9, no. 10, P. 122–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n10p122 Available at: https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/article/view/63050 (accessed: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Başaran A. Dış Siyasi, İktisadi İlişkiler Etkileşimi Çerçevesinde Yeltsin Dönemi Rusya-Türkiye İlişkileri: Doktora tezi / Ankara Üniversitesi. – Ankara, 2013. – 450 s. – YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Tez No. 341523. – URL: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi (дата обращения: 30.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">19 Başaran A. Dış Siyasi, İktisadi İlişkiler Etkileşimi Çerçevesinde Yeltsin Dönemi Rusya-Türkiye İlişkileri [Russia-Turkey relations in the Yeltsin period within the framework of the interaction of foreign political and economic relations]. Doctoral dissertation (History). Ankara: Ankara University, 2013, 450 p. YOK National Thesis Center, Thesis no. 341523. Available at: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi (accessed: 30.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Масумова Н. Р. Россия и Турция: Перезагрузка экономического партнерства: монография. – Москва: МГИМО-Университет, 2019. – С. 28–40. – URL: https://mgimo.ru/library/publications/rossiya_i_turtsiya_perezagruzka_ekonomicheskogo_partnerstva/ (дата обращения: 07.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">20 Masumova N. R. Rossiya i Turtsiya: Perezagruzka ekonomicheskogo partnerstva [Russia and Turkey: Economic partnership reset: Monograph]. Moscow: MGIMO-Universitet Publ., 2019, P. 28–40. Available at: https://mgimo.ru/library/publications/rossiya_i_turtsiya_perezagruzka_ekonomicheskogo_partnerstva/ (accessed: 07.06.2026). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DEİK Türkiye-Rusya İş Konseyi. Türkiye-Rusya Federasyonu Ticari ve Ekonomik İlişkileri // Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu Yayınları. – 2013. – Nisan Bülteni. – 24 s. – URL: https://www.deik.org.tr/turkiye-avrasya-iskonseyleri-turkiye-rusya-is-konseyi (дата обращения: 07.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">21 DEIK Turkish-Russian Business Council. Turkiye-Rusya Federasyonu Ticari ve Ekonomik Iliskileri [Commercial and economic relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation]. Dis Ekonomik Iliskiler Kurulu Yayinlari, April Bulletin, 2013, 24 p. Available at: https://www.deik.org.tr/turkiye-avrasya-is-konseyleri-turkiye-rusyais-konseyi (accessed: 07.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balcı A. Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler ve Uygulamalar: monografi. – İstanbul: Etkileşim Yayınları, 2013. – 344 S. – URL: https://www.kitapturk.com/turkiye-dis-politikasi-ilkeler-aktorler-uygulamalar (дата обращения: 23.08.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">22 Balcı A. Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler ve Uygulamalar [Turkish foreign policy: Principles, actors, and practices: Monograph]. Istanbul: Etkileşim Yayınları Publ., 2013, 344 p. Available at: https://www.kitapturk.com/turkiye-dis-politikasi-ilkeler-aktorler-uygulamalar (accessed: 23.08.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isachenko D. Türkei und Russland: Die Logik einer konfliktträchtigen Zusammenarbeit // SWP-Studie. – Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2021. – Nr. 16. – S. 5–32. – URL: https://www.swpberlin.org/publications/products/studien/2021S16_TuerkeiRussland.pdf (дата обращения: 07.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">23 Isachenko D. Türkei und Russland: Die Logik einer konfliktträchtigen Zusammenarbeit [Turkey and Russia: The logic of a conflict-prone cooperation]. SWP-Studie, Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Publ., 2021, no. 16, P. 5–32. Available at: https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/studien/2021S16_TuerkeiRussland.pdf (accessed: 07.06.2026). (In German).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zengin E. Türkiye ve Rusya Federasyonu Ticari İlişkileri // Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi (AVİD). – 2015. – Cilt 4, Sayı 1. – S. 61–103. – URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/273180 (дата обращения: 07.06.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">24 Zengin E. Türkiye ve Rusya Federasyonu Ticari İlişkileri [Commercial relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation]. Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi (AVİD), 2015, vol. 4, no. 1, P. 61–103. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/273180 (accessed: 07.06.2026). (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
