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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">asu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Атырауского университета имени Халела Досмухамедова</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Khalel Dosmukhamedov Atyrau University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-0197</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2790-332X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Атырауский университет имени Халела Досмухамедова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47649/vau.25.v79.i4.42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">asu-2555</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СВОБОДА СЛОВА В КОЧЕВОМ КАЗАХСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ КАК ПРАВОВОЙ ИНСТРУМЕНТ РАЗРЕШЕНИЯ СПОРОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN NOMADIC KAZAKH SOCIETY AS A LEGAL INSTRUMENT FOR DISPUTE RESOLUTION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-1091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абилшеева</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abilsheyeva</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рысгул Абилшеева - к.ю.н., ассоциированный профессор кафедры Правоведение,</p><p>130000, г. Актау</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rysgul Abilsheyeva – candidate of law, Associate Professor at the Department of Law,</p><p>130000, Aktau</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusita@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Есенов университет<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Yessenov university<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>79</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>475</fpage><lpage>486</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Абилшеева Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абилшеева Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abilsheyeva R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://asu.ejournal.kz/jour/article/view/2555">https://asu.ejournal.kz/jour/article/view/2555</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается правовая функция свободы слова как компонента устного речевого искусства в кочевом казахском обществе, где она играла ключевую роль в разрешении споров и поддержании общественного порядка. В условиях отсутствия письменного законодательства устные традиции и нормы обычного права составляли основу правовой системы. В этом контексте слово выполняло не только коммуникативную, но и юридически признанную регулятивную функцию.</p><p>Институт биев (традиционных судей), известных своей красноречивостью и моральным авторитетом, демонстрирует, что споры решались не посредством принуждения, а через убеждение, справедливость и согласие сторон. Свобода слова обеспечивала открытость общественных обсуждений, равенство мнений и участие народа в принятии решений.</p><p>В статье также рассматривается юридическое значение принципа «сөзге тоқтау» (уступка справедливому слову) как важного механизма разрешения конфликтов. Основными носителями и реализаторами данного механизма выступали бии, стремившиеся к примирению и укреплению общественного согласия. Анализ исторических источников, правовых традиций и устной практики показывает, что свобода слова в казахском обществе имела как культурное, так и правовое значение. Подчёркивается её роль в формировании современной правовой идентичности и сохранении нематериального наследия Казахстана.</p><p>Цель статьи — раскрыть правовую и регулятивную функции свободы слова в традиционном казахском обществе, проанализировать институт биев как механизм досудебного разрешения споров через искусство красноречия и обосновать юридическую значимость принципа «сөзге тоқтау» в системе обычного права казахов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the legal function of freedom of speech in nomadic Kazakh society, where oral discourse played a central role in dispute resolution and social regulation. In the absence of written legislation, customary law and oral traditions formed the foundation of the legal system. The spoken word functioned not only as a means of communication but also as a legally recognised regulatory tool.</p><p>The institution of biys (traditional judges), known for their eloquence and moral authority, resolved conflicts through persuasion and justice rather than coercion. Public assemblies reflected democratic principles, with freedom of speech ensuring openness, equality of voices, and collective decision-making.</p><p>The study also highlights the legal significance of the principle of sozge toqtau (yielding to the word), a customary mechanism for achieving reconciliation and mutual understanding. The boys were the primary enforcers of this practice, which promoted peace and social cohesion. By analysing historical sources and oral practices, the article concludes that freedom of speech in Kazakh society served both cultural and legal functions, contributing to the development of national legal consciousness and the preservation of intangible cultural heritage. The purpose of the article is to reveal the legal and regulatory functions of freedom of speech in traditional Kazakh society, to analyze the institute of biys as a mechanism for pre-trial dispute resolution through the art of eloquence, and to substantiate the legal significance of the "sozge toktau" (conceding to a just word) principle within the system of Kazakh customary law.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>свобода слова</kwd><kwd>кочевое казахское общество</kwd><kwd>разрешение споров</kwd><kwd>обычное право</kwd><kwd>бии</kwd><kwd>правовая культура</kwd><kwd>демократические ценности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Freedom of speech</kwd><kwd>Nomadic Kazakh society</kwd><kwd>Dispute resolution</kwd><kwd>Customary law</kwd><kwd>Biis</kwd><kwd>Legal culture</kwd><kwd>Democratic values</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зиманов С.З. 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